Abstract This paper gives a summary of the history of modern geometry, from ancient Greece to the present, including a discussion of the significance of Euclid's first five postulates, emphasizing the fifth (Parallel Postulate) and how it relates to the Hyperbolic Geometry.
From the Paper "Many great philosophers and mathematicians worked on the study of geometry. Euclid was perhaps the most famous of these. Almost nothing is known about his life, but his famous work ,"Elements" (ca. 300 BCE) remains one of the most widely read and copied texts to this day. He gathered all of the geometrical knowledge of his time and arranged it in a logical format. (36, Levine) What distinguishes "Elements" from other works is the use of proof throughout. As far as is known, Euclid was the first person to attempt such a task. He used the Axiomatic Method to prove the correctness of the statements put forth in "Elements""
Abstract This paper explores how Berger's Uncertainty Reduction theory is a useful basis for understanding the interaction between two people, especially when they first meet. It is scientific in approach, and therefore like all theories, has some major weaknesses. However, these shortcomings are not enough to make one completely dismiss the theory. The writer believes the theory is a solid basis upon which other theorists can build superior communication theories.
From the Paper "The Uncertainty Reduction Theory, by Charles Berger, is a scientific attempt to explain the interaction between two people, primarily those meeting for the first time. According to Berger, the main goal of each participant in conversation is to predict the reaction of the other person and to reduce the amount of uncertainty that is inherent in a first encounter. Em Griffin, the author of A First Look at Communication, says that Berger "believes it's natural to have doubts about our ability to predict the outcome of initial encounters""the beginnings of relationships are fraught with uncertainties"? (136). Due to this intriguing nature, Berger aims to discover and justify the links behind the interactional process in a scientific framework meanwhile proving that "uncertainty is central to all social interaction" (Griffin 142)."
Tags:axioms, communication, dialogue, human, interaction, psychology, theory
Abstract This essay will explore some of the dynamics of Smullyan's dialogue and compare them to Godel's Incompleteness Theorem, which was a break through mathematical theorem that showed that axioms of a rational system cannot be proved within the system.
Abstract Among the primary reasons listed are motivations to improve company profits, take advantage of economies of scale, increase the company's market share, and reduce manufacturing costs. The paper concludes with a summary of basic business axioms for companies considering overseas expansion.
Abstract This paper explains that society is forced to ask itself: What makes society different from the murderer, if it is so easily prepared to sentence someone to lethal injection or the chair? The author points out that both proponents for and activists against capital punishment in the form of the death penalty use the 'sanctity of life' as part of their argument. The paper concludes that, ethically, capital punishment is wrong because society is placing a huge amount of moral power within individuals' hands by implementing death sentences and executions; therefore, society must find other deterrents to serious crimes and acts of treason that do not involve capital punishment.
From the Paper "Capital Punishment has been in effect since the 1970s, despite cases and controversy that it goes against a person's 8th Amendment rights. Nevertheless, there has been changes in Capital Punishment laws and "in 2002 the Court barred the execution of mentally retarded offenders, overturning its 1989 ruling on the matter. In the same year the Court ruled that the death penalty must be imposed through a finding of a jury and not a judge" (Columbia, 2003). In 2002, lethal injection accounted for 71 executions (CP Statistics, 2003) while 1 was carried out by electrocution. Statistics in Capital Punishment have shown though that the numbers for 2002 have decreased for a second year in a row, and all inmates on Death Row had committed murder."
Abstract This paper examines the concept of abstract authentication in federated database systems and the difficulties presented because the autonomously operated components may not know the identity of federation users. It looks at how one proposed solution is subject switching, where the federation translates the federated users identity to that of an agreed upon component subject and how this translation may be problematic due to not having component subjects with the same accesses requested by federation users. It proposes using proximity measures between requested and provided access and presents two policy neutral algorithms to find proximity minimizing matches between a federation subject and a collection of component subjects. It also explores the concepts relating to federated databases, authorization and access, and proposes some algorithms that will facilitate the subject switching method of reconciling access requirements.
Outline
Section 1
Abstract
Background
Introduction
Characteristics of Federated Databases
Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Databases
Agents
Agents and Meaning
Perspective
Types of Meaning
Semantics Versus Pragmatics
Context
Coverage of Communicative Acts
Mental Versus Social Agency
Section 2
Federated Database Systems and Autonomy
Design Autonomy
Communication Autonomy
Execution Autonomy
Association Autonomy
Authorization Autonomy
Distribution Transparency (i.e., Schema Integration)
Tightly Coupled
Limited Tight Coupling
Loosely Coupled
Federated Database Security
Authorization
Standards for Authentication
Decentralized vs. Centralized Authorization
Access Controls
User Based Access Control (UBAC)
Policy Based Access Control
Content Dependent Access Control (CDAC)
Context Based Access Control (CBAC)
View Based Access Control (VBAC)
Discretionary Access Control (DAC)
Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
Role Based Access Control (RBAC)
Section 3
Subject Switching
Subject Mapping Algorithms
Mapping Process
Federation Mapping Process
Federation Identity
Component Mapping Process
Minimum Disparity Measure
Mapping Algorithm
Create Object Sets
Identify Component Subjects
Evaluate Matching Subjects
Access Disparity Measures
Numerical Disparity Measure
Comparing Disparity Measures to Approximate Measures
Approximate Disparity Measure Comparison
Motivating Example
Access Compatibility Measures and Algorithms
Compatibility of Permissions and their Disparity Measures
Cardinality
Express Specification
Section 4
Metrics
Algorithm 1 (Least Under Permitting Algorithm)
Algorithm 2 (Least Over Permitting Algorithm)
Approximations: Metrics And Mappings
Approximate Mapping Algorithms
Algorithm 3 (Approximate Under Permitting Algorithm)
Algorithm 4 (Approximate Over Permitting Algorithm)
Properties of Algorithms 3 and Algorithm 4
Multilevel Federations
Non-Protected Database
Axioms Deductive Channels Control Theorems
Signalling Channels Control Theorems
Cover Story
Multi-view Databases
Languages
Section 5
Conclusions and Ongoing Work
References
From the Paper "Heimbingner and McLeod coined the phrase Federated Database System in 1985, and Seth and Larson later confirmed the formal definition. While the term has been loosely used to refer to several different but related database systems, they more precisely and unanimously define it as a collection of cooperating but autonomous component database systems. [SL90] (According to Oszu 1999, semi-autonomous systems are termed federative DBMS). A federated database system represents a compromise between no integration, wherein users must explicitly interface with multiple autonomous databases, and total integration, where the autonomy of each distinct database is sacrificed in order to allow users access through a single global interface."
Abstract This paper explains that the description of Jesus as the merciful messiah is especially prevalent in the Gospel of Luke, as he emphasizes the power of forgiveness; whereas, Matthew, whose account is deeply rooted in the Old Testament, highlights the wisdom and justice of Jesus's teachings. The author points out that the question of the sources for the Gospels of Luke and Matthew has been debated often, with most scholars leaning towards the two-source hypothesis. A manuscript of Jesus's axioms and sayings, often referred to as the "Q" source, which would have served as a source for both Luke and Matthew or an earlier version of Mark's gospel. The paper relates that the story of the death of Jesus illustrates Jesus's failure to see that the connection between Jesus's and humanity's relationship with God leads to his persecution and subsequent death; however, in his death, mankind finds salvation and the opportunity to once again discover and enter into a covenant with God.
From the Paper "Jesus as the suffering servant is an overarching theme that is especially characteristic of Matthew's account of the death of Jesus but also found within Luke's gospel. When the Roman soldiers deride Jesus as the "King of the Jews" and give him a mock robe, crown, and in Matthew's gospel a scepter, Jesus suffers just as the real King of the Jews in Psalm 22. The continued mockery by the crowd also fulfills Psalm 22 as it reflects the two charges against Jesus: the threat to destroy the temple and the claim to be the Son of God or Messiah. Even Jesus' last words continue to illustrate the theme of a righteous sufferer, as they are a direct quotation of Psalm 22:1. Furthermore, the rejection of Jesus, who is essentially God's prophet, is done by the entire leadership of Israel, a clear allusion to the prophets of the Old Testament who were similarly persecuted by their own people. Jesus' response to the charges by the Sanhedrin is also remarkably similar to Jeremiah's testimony when he was on trial."l
Abstract This paper analyzes a case of extremely poor communication, which is a very common problem in workplaces. The author points out that effective communication happens when people try to understand what is being said from the point of view of the receiver of the messages. The paper discusses concepts such as axiom 8 and the inference ladder.
From the Paper "The problem in the dialogue is seen in the very definition of communication. "Effective communication happens when we try to understand what we're doing...from the point of view of the receiver of our messages" (Kit 3). There is no problem in the exchange between Bob and Phil at the end because they share the same point of view. This paper will define and apply the concepts of inference ladder, ego-states, axiom number 8, face and self-esteem to the dialogue. The dialogue between Tom and Bob will be compared to the ideal model of effective talk, the Humanistic model of Communication."
Abstract This paper explains that obvious similarities conclude that human language may be reducible to mathematical formulation. The author points out that that mathematics consists of sets of axioms in which statements can be either true or not. The paper relates, while this does not necessarily seem very much like language, Godel's Incompleteness Theorem relates that meaning can exist outside of axiomatic sets, providing a new basis for similarity.
From the Paper "It should not be surprising that mathematicians and linguists have drawn parallels between these two disciplines. There are obvious similarities that have made many believe that human language may be reducible to mathematical formulation. Some have even attempted to use the assumption to teach machines how to speak, constructing complex utterances based on a limited number of syntactical rules. However, these efforts and others to fully connect mathematics and language have proved largely unsuccessful. The following paper will briefly examine some of the similarities between language and mathematics. By its nature, language has a combinational structure, known as syntax or grammar, that permits the communication of complex ideas (Devlin "Born")."
Abstract This paper discusses Godel's theory on mathematical truths as being that they cannot be found in any set of axioms or rules and ultimate truth cannot be achieved. The paper suggests that Kurt Godel's incompleteness theorem encompasses the fact that all formal systems turn out to be incomplete by their very nature and it discusses the implications of this theory.
From the Paper "Godel stated that there can be no proof of any statement (P). If P is true, there is no proof of it. If P is false, there is a proof that P is true. This is a contradiction. It cannot be decided whether P is true in a symbolic system."
Abstract In this essay, the writer discusses that sociological theory is of great value in understanding how religious colleges are eventually transformed into fully accredited secular schools. The writer explains that sociology is the study of social behavior. The writer also notes that it examines the behaviors of individuals and organizations and their evolution through their interactions within and outside of their social systems. Further, the writer maintains that the rational choice axiom might offer some insight in the case of the transformation of a college associated with a religious denomination into an accredited secular university; however, other theories might offer additional insight as well.
Abstract This paper discusses how first generation immigrants view the world that they are entering as one of promise and hope. By the time that this group of individuals has become socialized however their offspring has inherited the first generation ideals, but their view of the world often lacks the strength of the cultural values that their parents originated with. The paper further discusses how by the third generation the socialization of the family often leaves a tremendous gap between the values of the original immigrants and their grandchildren. The paper then goes on to consider why the two groups often cannot relate to one another and much of the cultural identity is lost. Weber considered this process between the immigrant generations through the concept of value axiom in which social controls ultimately changed the ideologies held by individuals of the same background over periods of time.
Abstract This paper reviews, discusses and analyzes the sceptic attitude of David Hume and argues that in fact, Hume is the pioneer of modern rationalism. According to the paper, the scepticism of Hume is usually portrayed as an end in itself, whereas in truth it was nothing other than the beginning of a new rationalism - a rationalism that is rooted in human psychology instead of absolute and self-evident axioms.
From the Paper "David Hume is customarily classed as a rabid proponent of empirical scepticism, and his philosophical tracts that express this point of view are analysed in order to derive a tradition of empirical scepticism that begins with Hobbes and climaxes with the blatant Pyrrhonianism of Hume. But rarely is he mentioned as the pioneer of modern rationalism, which as I argue in this essay, he was. The scepticism of Hume is usually portrayed as an end in itself, whereas in truth it was nothing other than the beginning of a new rationalism - a rationalism that is rooted in human psychology instead of absolute and self-evident axioms. It emerged at a point where the Newtonian paradigm, in its mechanical manifestation, was rendered philosophically bankrupt by empirical scepticism. Hume reinstated the supremacy of the Newtonian model by applying it to the analysis of the human psyche, and thereby he rescued the advance of science."
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses and compares utilitarianism, libertarianism and contractarianism. According to the paper, John Mills is known as the father of utilitarianism and John Rawl defines the theory of contractarianism.
From the Paper "Utilitarians might beg to differ with this statement since what they would suggest is that individuals have the responsibility to do what is best for the most amount of people. Utilitarianism could be described as an effort to provide an answer to the practical questions "What ought a man to do?" According to utilitarian theory the answer to that question would be that man ought to act so as to produce the best consequences possible. Using the utilitarian approach, and individual must first analyze the issue by identifying the different courses of action that are available, and after such analyzing decide on the course that would be most beneficial for the largest number of people."
Abstract This paper explains that Niccolo Machiavelli's "The Prince" offers a scientific code of action, which distinctly covers axioms for leadership and the leadership process that are relevant today in the business environment. The paper also points out, however, that there are temporal limitations affecting certain validities of Machiavelli's work, especially around his acceptance of war to answer all problems and his belief that all men are evil. Nevertheless, the paper concludes that the concepts that Machiavelli details in his book can be used to motivate an organization's employee, to find ways by which employee productivity can be increased, and to find strategic actions by which the leader's strategic vision can be developed on the market, towards reaching a high level of profitability and, generally, towards increasing the performances of the company.
From the Paper "Both today and in Machiavelli's times, a cost opportunity evaluation would have helped the decision making process. In using in-house activities, you are able to follow more closely on the production process and better coordinate it. The employees are likely to be more committed in their "fight", to pay more attention to detail and perform better. On the other hand, you cannot use them for other activities, you are limited in your range of activities (as in Machiavelli's times, you took these people away from their fields, for example)."
Tags: cost, structural entities, proactive manager power
