Abstract
In this paper, it is discussed that capital punishment should be implemented along the lines of rational thought, as well as by the dictates of utilitarianism that requires death for murder. The writer maintains that when a rational human being decides to consciously kill another, he or she must be treated with equal punishment in relation to this kind of crime. However, the writer notes that if the criminal is not fully aware of what they have done, or not conscious of the murder, then they should be punished by imprisonment for rehabilitation.

From the Paper
"This philosophical will argue for capital punishment for violent offenders who murdered another human being. By understanding the premise of Kant's Theory of Retribution, one must assume that murderers assume their victim's are rational beings, and should thus be responsible for their punishment on equal terms. Through Kant's philosophy, this study will argue the basis of rationality within the human scope, which will confirm that capital punishment must be used to punish those that murder others. By presenting a case for rationality, as well as an argument based utilitarian justice, there are two reasons why capital punishment is just means to punish those that take the life of another human being."

Tags:kant, capital, punishment

Abstract
This paper focuses on crime and punishment philosophy, asserting that the "encounter" approach to dishing out justice one must question. Though ideals such as mediation, conferencing, circles and impact panels may seem theoretically convincing in terms of reducing the pain of victims and increase the awareness and guilt of perpetrators, the paper asks what such measures actually achieve. In a legislative sense, no justice is achieved. The attempt, one must conclude, is to restore justice through personal awareness and internal thinking. However, the idea of an impact panel - grouping unrelated victims and perpetrators of crimes which are not actually related - is decidedly problematic. What could be established, but the restoration of painful memories to victims and the potential amusement of perpetrators?

From the Paper
"The "encounter" approach to dishing out justice one must question. Though ideals such as mediation, conferencing, circles and impact panels may seem theoretically convincing in terms of reducing the pain of victims and increase the awareness and guilt of perpetrators, one must ask what such measures actually achieve. In a legislative sense, no justice is achieved. The attempt, one must conclude, is to restore justice through personal awareness and internal thinking. However, the idea of an impact panel - grouping unrelated victims and perpetrators of crimes which are not actually related - is decidedly problematic. What could be established ..."

Tags:justice, restoration, reparation, punitive, legislation

Abstract
Many sexual predators have admitted that they cannot control their urges to sexually and violently abuse women and children. This paper advocates that more strict legislative measures are needed that would prevent vulnerable individuals from being raped, abused and possibly killed by essentially "incurable" predators. It puts forward the proposal that if people were assured a harsh punishment if they were to commit a crime, they would be less likely to be able to justify their criminal actions as being "worth the risk". It discusses the holes in current legislation and how offenders are often not required to undergo sex offender treatment or evaluation and they are released into the community without being forced to adhere to sex offender registration laws and evaluates Megan's law. Megan's Law refers to the series of laws introduced in New Jersey following the murder of seven year-old Megan Kanka who was kidnapped, raped and murdered by her neighbor, a twice convicted sex offender who had committed a similar crime only months before. It analyzes the increasing public awareness and concern about crime together with intense media focus on the issue.

From the Paper
"According to Princeton University professor John DeIulio, "almost half of the country's 671,000 parolees and probationers are caught committing serious new offenses within three years" (Feinsilber, 1997). Many sexual predators have admitted that they cannot control their urges to sexually and violently abuse women and children. For this reason we should not allow these dangerous criminals to terrorize our neighborhoods, schools and homes. It is therefore my contention that more strict legislative measures are needed that would prevent vulnerable individuals from being raped, abused and possibly killed by these essentially "incurable" predators."

Tags:child, deviants, law, legal, molesters, rapists, sexual, megan, criminals

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that there has long been a close connection between religious belief and a belief in capital punishment, just as there is some relationship between religious beliefs and opposition to capital punishment. This paper considers the role of religion in shaping attitudes toward capital punishment and policies adopted for capital punishment, noting first that different religious denominations take a different attitude toward the subject.

From the Paper
"Different religious denominations take a different attitude toward the subject so that followers take their cues from that denomination, such as the current divide seen in America between many evangelical Protestant churches that support capital punishment and the Catholic Church that does not. At a deeper level, support often hinges on the degree of reliance on the Bible as an unerring source, with those supporting capital punishment finding a direct admonition for capital punishment in scripture."

Tags:religion, capital, punishment

Abstract
This paper explains that Islam draws no difference between religious and secular life; thus, sharia includes not only holy rites but also many features of everyday life. The author describes Noble Drew Ali, born Timothy Drew in North Carolina in 1886, who founded the Moorish Science Temple of America, one group of which had the leadership from Elijah Muhammadhb and became the Nation of Islam. The paper relates that, in the present day, the Tablighi Jama'at is the major Islamic movement in relation to both the number of campaigners and geographical spread and plays a major part in publicizing Islamic consciousness and awareness at the ground level.

Table of Contents
Shari'ah
Umma
Noble Drew Ali
Warith al-Din Muhammad
Kunta Kinte
Tablighis Movement
Elijah Muhammad

From the Paper
"Elijah Muhammad from 1897-1975 was the head of the Nation of Islam also known as Black Muslims during their time of maximum growth in the mid-20th century. Elijah Mohammad was born on October 7, 1897 near Sandersville in Georgia. His parents were also slaves who worked on cotton plantation as sharecroppers and his father was also a considered as a Baptist preacher. As a child Elijah worked in the fields and on the railroad, but he left home at age 16 to tour and work at unusual jobs. He settled down in Detroit in the year 1923 and was working on a Chevrolet assembly line. Later in Chicago, away from aggressive Muslim factions in Detroit, Muhammad formed what quickly became the most significant center of the movement."

Tags:awareness, external-ritual, punishment, heritage, group

Abstract
The subject of this paper is how race impacts capital punishment verdicts issued by US courts. The author believes that capital punishment is powered by a system of justice that is heavily stacked against people of color. The writer cites several cases that show race as an issue in a death penalty verdicts. Additional statistics are presented that show African-Americans are executed more frequently than whites. The paper includes an extensive literature review. The author concludes that the public should be aware of the facts involved in this issue.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Conceptualization
Methodology
Research Design
Study Group / Sample Population
Conclusion

From the Paper
"And, Adams continues, of the 221 people "executed for interracial murders, 189 - ninety-four percent - have been black." Is there a pattern of blatant racial bias reflected in these data? Adams insists that "racism...pervades America's criminal justice system," and she wonders, "How is it that racism, as one of the most deplorable features of contemporary society, is able to establish a position in the purported beacon of objectivity and neutrality that is the law?" In her research article, Adams argues that since the death penalty was "reinvented" (Furman v. Georgia in 1972), the "arbitrariness and caprice" of the "pre-Furman" era is back. "

Tags:capital, punishment, death, penalty, racism, bias, prejudice, African-Americans

Abstract
This paper looks at the tendency of the U.S. criminal justice system to focus primarily on minority groups and to mete out unnecessarily harsh punishment for minor crimes. Statistics are provided to support this contention, and the negative consequences of such a criminal justice system are discussed. The paper talks about the need to change the system and the probability of change, considering the growing awareness of human rights and equality.

From the Paper
"The criminal justice system in the United States has been the subject of increased scrutiny for some decades. If the statistics are taken into account, it appears that there are several shortcomings that need to be addressed. One of these is for example the focus and manner of punishment of certain crimes. The focus of criminal justice appears to be on minority groups to an incongruous degree. Furthermore crimes of a lesser nature appears to draw sentences that are unnecessarily harsh. The problem with this kind of criminal justice system is that the attention of crime fighting and prevention are focused in the wrong areas, and thus crime that should be curbed is allowed to increase rather than decrease."

Tags:prisons, prisoners, sentences, procedure, african-americans, racism, poverty

Abstract
This paper examines sexual harassment as a dangerous weed that needs to be uprooted from our society. The paper explains how this malady threatens our fundamental, constitutional basis of freedom and equality for all. The paper contends that implementing a good sexual harassment policy at the organizational level and strict enforcement of punishments for offenders is the rightful solution to the problem.

Outline
Thesis
Introduction
Ubiquitous Phenomenon
Types of Sexual Harassment
Effective Strategies
Creating Awareness
Managerial Intervention
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Sexual harassment is not a new problem but one that continues to haunt our society for a long time. The most common setting where sexual harassment is blatantly obvious is the workplace, which is proved by the ever increasing number of sexual harassment cases being reported over the last few years. Almost all walks of life are infested by this malady and even the noble professions like academia and hospice environment are not spared. In fact it is the hospitals where sexual harassment is more prominent. A recent study conducted revealed that around 69% to 85% of nurses have reported to have been subjected to some kind of sexual harassment in their workplace. Another independent study conducted on 188 intensive care nurses revealed that more than 46% of them had undergone sexual harassment in one form or the other and that in almost 82% of the cases the offenders were the physicians."

Tags:abuse, victim, offender

Abstract
This fourteen page paper examines fear and angst in Dostoevsky's works. It specifically examines the pervasive presence of fear, anxiety, and angst in "The Brothers Karamazov", "Notes from Underground", "The Idiot" and "Crime and Punishment" and demonstrates that Fyodor Dostoevsky believed these negative emotions are triggered primarily because people inevitably become aware that their constantly struggling to understand the meaning of human existence is futile.

From the Paper
"Dostoevsky's Writings: A Comparative Analysis of Existentialist Fear and Angst Examining the pervasive presence of fear, anxiety, and angst in The Brothers Karamazov, Notes from Underground, The Idiot and Crime and Punishment demonstrates the Fyodor Dostoevsky believed these negative emotions are triggered primarily because people inevitably become aware that their constantly struggling to understand the meaning of human existence is futile. Acknowledging this futility compels them to either give up and descend willingly into moral degradation or to continue struggling even if it appears useless. In terms of how Dostoevsky used fear in his writing and the manner in which his expression of fear reflects the existentialistic idea, it is evident first of all that his main characters in these four novels have been crafted to display the darkness of the human condition."

Tags:dostoevsky, literary, analysis

Abstract
This paper discusses the case of Petitioner Scott Panetti who was convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death by a state court in Texas. It particularly focuses on Panetti's filing of a petition to the state court in which he stated that due to his mental illness, he could not be executed. The paper discusses the facts of the case, the issues and the opinions that affected its outcome.

Table of Contents:
Facts
Issues
Holdings
Rationale
Separate Opinions
Analysis

From the Paper
"The main argument used by Panetti's defence was that a death row and mentally unstable inmate could only be executed provided that he possessed "rational understanding." However, the court felt that such a standard was subjective and manipulative and would create a precedent on which death row inmates could escape the capital punishment. "Moreover, such a requirement - imported from the Court's Fifth and Sixth Amendment jurisprudence concerning defendants' strategic participation at the guilt and sentencing phases - is out of place at the moment of execution. Finally, the retributive and deterrent interests served by the death penalty - focused primarily as they are on society at large rather than the capital murderer - do not demand the "rational understanding" that Panetti urges.""

Tags:awareness punishment, death row