Abstract
This essay discusses avian flu and the role of the lawyer in the event of an outbreak. The paper first discusses background to the avian flu and the concern of health care workers. The paper then discusses the pattern of the flu pandemic and the role of the lawyer in such a crisis, if it were to take place.

From the Paper
"In an article entitled 'The Avian Flu Time Bomb', author Kristin Choo speculated that the legal system will play a pivotal role in preventing and responding to a possible outbreak of this deadly strain of influenza as they have in past public health crisis situations. With this new and scary health threat potentially looming over the horizon, many feel that lawyers will be called into action again to protect the health and safety of our communities while also serving to ensure the rights of those affected by the Avian Flu. They may be called upon to take part in the planning of responses to the Avian Flu such as vaccinations, quarantines, isolation, as well as other measures which may need to be taken. Throughout this paper I will discuss what the Avian flu is and why it is posing such a health scare to medical experts. "

Tags:avian, flu, lawyers

Abstract
This paper argues that there is a very real potential for an avian influenza pandemic in the future, yet there remains an insufficient amount of effective vaccine to address the current incarnation of the H5N1 virus. The author suggests, based on this research, that it is useful to develop a broad-based assessment of the realities involved in a potential pandemic in order to provide meaningful and timely responses. The research presented in the paper was examined from biological, psychological and economic sources. The author concludes that it is incumbent on public health officials around the world today to alert their citizenry to the potential for such an outbreak and to take whatever precautions are necessary today to preclude such a disaster.


Outline:
Introduction
Explanation of the Problem
Justification for Using an Interdisciplinary Approach
Identification of Relevant Disciplines
Respective Viewpoints of Relevant Disciplines
Biology
Psychology
Economics
Methodology
Purpose of the Study
Background
General History of the Problem
Disciplines, Perspectives, Evidence, Insights
Logic,
Reasons for Order of Presentation of Disciplines Used
Biological Perspective
Psychological Perspective
Economic Perspective
Integration of the Three Disciplines
Conflicts within a Discipline
Creation of Common Ground with the Disciplines
Integration of Insights
Techniques of Integration Used
Development of New Understanding or Meaning
Conclusion

Table 1: Techniques of Integration Used

From the Paper
"By the end of 2005, the epidemic of avian influenza had resulted in human cases of the disease in Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Thailand, Turkey, and Vietnam. Vietnam was the worst hit, with 93 cases. Of those, 42 died; citing statistics from the World Health Organization, Ford reports that the total number of cases by the end of 2005 was more than 140, with approximately half of these resulting in death (2006). Although sustained communicability of the H5N1 virus from person to person has not been observed, health officials remain cognizant that the H5N1 virus has the potential to mutate rapidly or even combine genetically with a human influenza virus to yield a virulent new strain that could easily spread throughout the global human population (Ford, 2006). "

Tags:avian, flu, bird, flu, avian, influenza, pandemic

Abstract
This paper considers the marketing ramifications of the recent outbreak of avian flu in Asia, including consequences for exporting birds to Asia, exporting birds from Asia, and tourism. It discusses how to eradicate the disease from the bird population.

From the Paper
"Although the flu is not considered by many to be a serious illness the disease kills hundreds of thousands around the world each year. Generally flu strains remain a specific species and relatively ..."

Tags:marketing, avian flu, influenza, Asia, chickens

Abstract
This paper offers an overview of the problem of avian flu and discusses the history of pandemics, including a brief but comprehensive history of the pandemic of 1918. The paper also describes the current public health policies associated with avian flu and looks at the plans to reduce the spread of the disease with isolation/quarantine policies and medication and vaccination. Also discussed are the policies regarding communication and dissemination of information policies to the public if or when a flu pandemic event is threatened or imminent.

Outline:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Avian Flu History
Chapter 3: Limiting the Spread of a Pandemic
Chapter 4: Conclusion

From the Paper
"It is a common understanding among scientists concerned with disease epidemiology, prevention and public safety that pandemics in recorded human history are linked in some way to avian flu viruses and outbreaks. This understanding is based upon reconstructions of historical events associated with the detection, spread, onset and outcome of pandemics in the past. Transmission of viruses between birds and humans is not usually direct but occurs through secondary sources, though with H5N1, transmission form bird to human is possible and likely, which explains and validates the current response of the slaughtering and burning flocks of poultry that are known to be infected. (Miller, 2006, p. 79) What is believed is that avian viruses infect swine and or other animals concurrently with human viruses and then the avian virus mutates to become a virus that can be contracted by humans. (Oldstone, 2000, p. 183-184)"

Tags:isolation, quarantine, medication, vaccination, H5N1, transmission

Abstract
Avian influenza, which is commonly referred to in the media as bird flu, is a strain of the flu virus that is highly infectious and can be fatal. This paper discusses how the spread of avian flu among wild bird populations concerns health care officials due to the high communicability of the disease and its record of moving from domestic livestock to humans. The paper also discusses how, although viral strain H5N1 has thus far not mutated into a form that is directly communicable among humans and can be passed without an avian host as a carrier, the possibility that this mutation could occur suggests to health care officials that H5N1 could potentially become a global pandemic.

From the Paper
"The first documented incidences of H5N1 occurred in 1997 in Asia. The disease was recognized as able to cross the species barrier when handlers of poultry manifested symptoms similar to those in their livestock, which included damage to internal organs and aggressive vomiting, coughing, and physical weakness. Typically, once passed from a bird to a human, H5N1 is extinguished when the afflicted person recovers or succumbs to the disease. Yet there have been cases in which H5N1 has been transmitted from a human to another human, suggesting that the H5N1 virus has the potential to move within humans as well as birds. "

Tags:H5N1, bird, viral, livestock

Abstract
The paper reveals media accounts of the Avian (bird) Flu threat that repeat biomedical and biosocial notions of the disease. It looks at how drug companies compete to produce drug treatments and vaccines, for the future, in activities that will make billions in profits from a pandemic whose scope is not yet realised. The paper focuses on the Toronto medical community's reaction to a perhaps approaching disease and notes that many doctors and nurses do not wish to serve Avian Flu patients. There is also a comparative note on the 1918 Spanish Flu epidemic in Canada, and an in-depth analysis of the rise of Avian flu in humans abroad.

From the Paper
"The threat posed by the Avian Flu virus and the possibility of a pandemic, in the coming year, focus on biomedical and biosocial views of illness and health. This paper refers to a number of Toronto media summaries on research to date, and the threat posed by an Avian Flu pandemic, showing a number of foci that seem quite important in terms of how the possible pandemic is discussed. Later, time is given to more 'cultural' responses to the possibility of an Avian Flu pandemic, which should stimulate serious thought on our ideas of entitlement to health, long life, the duties of health professionals, .."

Tags:avianflu, mediacontent, centralcanada

Abstract
This paper presents an examination of avian flu (commonly known as "bird flu"). The writer explores the facts and myths surrounding the flu. It then compares it to past pandemics, such as the Spanish Flu pandemic, that have become a reality and killed large numbers of people. The paper discusses what may be expected if the avian flu does become a pandemic.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Flu
Why the Concern
If It Happens
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to experts the basis for the concern is the fact that like the Spanish Flu pandemic the Avian Flu, if it mutates will present a flu virus to the system that humans have never before experienced. As people age they build immunities and those immunities help their systems fight additional illnesses that they are exposed to or contract. With the Avian Flu the strain of viral infection is one that has never before in recorded history been introduced to the human body and that makes it extremely deadly.
If the flu does become a pandemic it is estimated that it will kill more than 50 million people world wide and more than half a million in the US. Even more concerning is the belief by experts that at least 250,000 of those killed in the United States will be young healthy adult Americans (Daugherty, 2005)."
"With most flues the only real danger is to the elderly, the infants or those who have chronic health issues such as asthma, diabetes or other medical problems. With the Avian flu it will most likely attack and kill many people who have no health issues which makes precautions important to everyone, not just the weak or immune compromised."

Tags:immunity, Tamiflu, mutation

Abstract
This paper discusses avian influenza or bird flu, which is the alternate common name for the H5N1 virus. The paper gives a brief history of the disease and describes how it is spread between animals and then focuses on how humans are infected and how it spreads between humans. The paper then discusses precautions and preventative methods for the spread of the disease.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Define Avian Influenza
History
How it's Spread
How Humans are Infected
The Risk Factors
Treatment
World Wide Preparedness
Precautions and Predictions
Conclusion

From the Paper
"To set a roadblock towards a catastrophic human outbreak of bird flu there is a way out and it is the usage of a harmless virus to act as a delivery vehicle. (Linda, 57) The amantadine and rimantadine are two antiviral medications which are commonly used for influenza and for which the H5N1 virus, that causes human illness and death, could be resistant. There are other two antiviral medications known as oseltamavir and zanamavir which could possibly treat influenza caused by H5N1 virus. However, there is a necessity for additional studies to prove and demonstrate their effectiveness. And it is to be noted that for the protection against H5N1 virus there is no commercially available vaccine in Asia and Europe. (Key Facts about Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) and Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus)"

Tags:bird, flu, pandemic, virus

Abstract
This paper discusses avian influenza, otherwise known as bird flu. According to the paper, bird flu is a naturally-occurring infection caused by avian influenza viruses. It travels in the intestines of wild birds, having little impact on these animals, though the transferal of the same virus to a domestic bird can have harmful consequences. The spread of the virus typically occurs via the saliva, feces and nasal passages of an infected animal; birds become infected when they come into contact with infected secretions or surfaces contaminated by such secretions. Commonly, the spread of the infection occurs when birds come into contact with materials such as dirt, cages, water or feed that have been contaminated with the virus.

Tags:aviation, influenza, bird

Abstract
Avian influenza is a disease that humans are becoming exposed to through contact, either directly or indirectly, with infected poultry or fowl. This paper explores the history of the flu, as well as what is being done to combat this infectious and deadly disease.

From the Paper
"Avian Influenza, also known as Avian flu or "bird flu" is "an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus" according to the World Health Organization. Identified over 100 years ago in Italy it has now spread throughout the entire globe. The immune systems of some bird species are more resistant to this disease than other although it is believed that all species are susceptible to becoming infected with the disease. The flu ranges "from mild illness to a highly contagious and rapidly fatal disease results in severe epidemics." "

Tags:flu, bird, fowl, disease