Abstract
This paper argues in favor of the United States supporting ideas presented in the Kyoto Protocol. The paper describes the effects of global warming and expounds on the issues presented in the Kyoto Protocol to avert these problems. The main thrust of the treaty is to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by developed countries. The writer believes that despite the US being a non-signatory to this treaty, it should set an example and show its citizens what to do in order to reduce greenhouse gases.

From the Paper
"Was it smart for President Bush to pull out of the Kyoto treaty? Many countries are lagging behind Kyoto targets anyways and are paying a fine for it. The UNFCCC Secretariat says emissions by Spain and Portugal were 40.5 percent above 1990 levels in 2002. U.S. emissions were up 13.1 percent. Since there was a fine for not making its targets, President Bush may have saved the country from going into more debt. But does this short term gain justify what could happen in the long term?"

Tags:greenhouse, effect, global, warming, Kyoto, Protocol

From the Paper
"The second half of October, 1962, was possibly the most dangerous period in the history of the world: The Cuba Missile Crisis, when for a week and a half the United States and the Soviet Union stood closer to the brink of nuclear war then ever before or since. In the aftermath of the crisis, much study has been given to two fundamental questions: How did the superpowers stumble so close to nuclear war, and--perhaps even more important --having come to the brink, how did they back down and succeed in avoiding a nuclear exchange? The latter question is the principal focus of this study.

Until recently, the efforts of scholars in the West to understand the events of October, 1962, suffered from a structural one-sidedness. American policymakers were readily available for questioning, but Soviet policymakers were not, and ... "

Abstract
This research paper argues that global warming is a very real threat to the earth. The paper gives scientific evidence, shows examples of global warming?s effects today, and looks at ways that disaster can be prevented.

From the Paper
"One of the hottest topics in the United States is the issue of global warming. This issue, once discounted and ridiculed as the wild imaginings of over enthusiastic environmentalists and "tree lovers," is now being taken seriously by scientists, politicians, business leaders, and the American environmentalist community. Environmental scientists have been trying to warn these groups that our continued use of coal and petroleum products, as well as established business practices such as dumping industrial wastes into the air and waterways, would be the cause of a natural phenomena called the greenhouse effect, or global warming. Now, when the earth's biosphere is obviously suffering adverse ecological effects from a century of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane emissions, it is apparent to even the most skeptical anti-environmentalists that global warming is real."

Tags:environment, climate, pollution, ozone, deforestation, carbon, dioxide, Clinton, industry

Abstract
Virtually everyone is aware of the importance of agriculture in supporting the lives of the more than six billion people on the planet., but the fact that food is quite plentiful in Western societies and available at a relatively low cost can hide the crisis that exists in agriculture. This crisis is outlined in the articles "Averting a Disaster", published in "International Agricultural Development", and "Assault on the Earth" by Elena Wilken. Close examination of these articles shows that, together, they provide a comprehensive look at the problem of soil degradation and loss. An attempt is made to outline possible solutions, but these articles fail to pay enough attention to the underlying cause of this situation and an area where the greatest chance for success in solving problems exists, namely, the lack of a global management system.

Abstract
This paper will discuss the urge for people to go at any length to achieve their goals in life. By studying "King Lear" of Shakespeare, we can see the ways that people will search for any means necessary to carry out their will on others. As in the September 11th attack that has recently occurred in the US, the basis for seeing this motive can be clearly shown by the heinous ability for a person to avert to their primal selves to meet an end.

Abstract
Vertical transmission of AIDS has assumed enormous proportions, and this problem is aggravating the already disastrous AIDS epidemic in South Africa. This paper considers the problem of vertical transmission in little detail and ascertains the treatment methodologies and how their proper implementation could avert this major crisis from worsening the already damaged social and economic structure of Africa.

From the Paper
"AIDS is one of the most dreaded epidemic diseases of the last century with an almost unabated outburst throughout the last two decades. More than 40 million people throughout the world are afflicted by AIDS. The dreadedness of the disease is reflected in the disastrous and debilitating effects it has had on people all over the world. The social and economic implications of AIDS has been something unprecedented in the history of world. Though the HIV virus is not easily transmitted the increasing number of infected people around the world only indicates a major global catastrophe. The concerning fact is that while we are still engaged in active medical research for a cure of this deadly disease, the HIV virus continues unhindered, to infect millions of people worldwide. The third world nations and Africa in particular have been the most affected. The impact of the AIDS epidemic in Africa is made worse by the poor economic situation and the consequently unaffordable medical facilities. Vertical transmission of the disease from mother to the child is continuing in an uncontrolled manner contributing to as much as 40 % of new AIDS cases. [AidsAction]"

Tags:aids, medical, breastfeeding

Abstract
This paper begins by providing a brief definition of coral reefs and their main characteristics. It then discusses the different ecological problems -natural and man-caused which are slowly destroying the reefs. These include eutrophication - when the algae which is in a symbiotic relationship with the coral overgrows the coral using the increased nutrient content of the water and in the process destroys the coral. It also includes over fishing, coral bleaching and tourism. The paper finally examines the various laws and acts which have been passed to try and avert this phenomenon.

From the Paper
"Coral reefs are widely known as the "rain forests of the ocean". Providing a habitat to innumerable varieties of marine species the coral reefs are an important part of the marine ecosystem. Occupying an estimated 4,00,000 square miles (0.17%) of the ocean surface the coral reefs sustain more than 25% of all marine life. [Washington College of Law]. However uncontrolled fishing, tourism and other environmentally destabilizing activities of man have seriously endangered the coral reefs. This situation is alarming considering the fact that damage to the coral ecosystem has serious implications for all the countless species that depend on it for their survival. Let us explore the ecological effects of coral reef damage and the environmental laws, which protect them in a little detail."

Tags:fishing, tourism, algae, eutrophication

Abstract
This paper looks at the importance of a company's crisis management strategy and how the strategy that an organization takes during a crisis can affect the long-term health of that organization. It also puts forth the theory that organizations often collapse because when a crisis occurs they are not equipped to deal with it in a quick and timely fashion.

From the paper:

"Planning ahead of time can help soften the negative impact of an ongoing crisis. Decisions made while planning for a potential crisis tend to be more rational then a decision made in the middle of a crisis. Develop a crisis manual that is simple and easy to read and make sure it is used; it is worthless if it sits idle on a shelf. All employees need to be trained so they know what their roles will be during a crisis. This training will help prepare everybody in the organization to avert or effectively manage extraordinary incidents. It is not possible to plan for all potential crises that can occur. Rather an organization should prepare an action plan that involves responses for various aspects of a possible crisis."

Tags:crisis, emergency, management, problem, solving, decision, company, methods

Abstract
This paper examines the components necessary for successful emergency communication. The writer evaluates the actions of the New York City Emergency Communications Center in light of the September 11th terrorist attacks in that city. The strengths and weaknesses of the system are detailed, relative to potential problems such as natural disasters that could plague the city. Many of the inherent problems this writer feels the city would face are a result of the fact that much of the city's infrastructure, bridges, tunnels, subways and communication centers are located underground. In this writer's opinion, an earthquake would totally destroy much of the city's infrastructure which would lead to the city being forced to close down, and that would include the financial centers and the ramifications here are well-documented. The paper also details legislation that has been passed at the state level to deal with this potential threat. The writer makes several suggestions as to what would be necessary to avert a major disaster, including designating the Public Information Officer as the person who would be responsible for the coordination of all the agencies, predetermined safe centers should be well-publicized and known in each of the communities, the collecting areas for the victims and survivors of any disaster should be every few blocks, evacuation of bridges and tunnels should be well-planned and coordinated and there should be one umbrella agency that is responsible for the training and coordination of the emergency personnel in the event of a major disaster, such as an earthquake or terrorist attack.

From the Paper
"In recent times, especially in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington DC, effective and speedy emergency communication has become paramount for response personnel firefighters, police and paramedics. Emergency communications agencies like the North American Center For Emergency Communications (NACEC) were set up to provide quick and speedy services in cases of disaster. A Disaster Victim Information Exchange System (DVIS) was also setup to handle situations where families and loved ones required information about an individual evacuee's location, condition, immediate plans and special needs. In the past, trying to locate a person could take days or months, as information procured from the scene was sketchy and unreliable."

Tags:north, american, center, disaster, victim, information, system, earthquake, fault, tunnels, bridges, infrastructure, underground, nuclear, public, officer, buildings, evacuation, government, travel, recruitment, personnel, flooding, contact, monitor

Abstract
The paper discusses the relationship between Poland and the Soviet Union at the time. It explains that Poland implemented martial law in order to avert a Soviet-led invasion.

From the Paper
"Jaruzelski did not try to justify his actions in 1981 beyond asserting the need to protect Poland, but he has spoken on the subject more recently. The Communist Party's monopoly of power was threatened by the rise of Solidarity, and Jaruzelski knew that the Soviet Union had not hesitated to use force to suppress an anti-Communist uprising in Hungary in 1956 and had done so again against the liberal "Prague Spring" in 1968."

Tags:Soviet-Union, Hungary, rule, Solidarity