Abstract
This essay deals with a very obscure topic in the specialized field of conflicts of laws, a field that comes into play only when litigation has an impact on two different jurisdictions which use different legal systems. The essay considers the struggles of the Australian courts to come to grips with a practice called renvoi. This is a highly unusual procedure unknown to most lawyers.

From the Paper
"Sitting in lieu of the Privy Council, I am rendering this opinion in the extraordinary appeal from the High Court of Australia in "Neilson v Overseas Projects Corporation of Victoria Ltd, (2005)". The issue before me is whether the courts should use the process of renvoi in international tort cases. Based on my consideration of this matter, I conclude that renvoi should be allowed. IN THE TRIAL COURT: In this matter, the plaintiff accompanied her husband to Wuhan, China. The husband worked for the defendant corporation under a contract by the terms..."

Tags:renvoi, tort, courts

Abstract
This paper discusses one of the most contentious issues in contemporary American life, birth control.
This paper examines birth control in America and argues that birth control is something which should be readily available to all citizens just as long as certain protocols are followed. In so doing, however, this paper also points out the arguments of those who are unconvinced that wide spread birth control is desirable. In the end, this paper's central contention is that having a child is an enormously challenging development in the lives of young people (or old people, for that matter) and it should only be undertaken if the parents (or parent) possess the maturity, the desire and the resources necessary to do the job well.

Tags:birth, control, rights

Abstract
This paper examines how there are a lot of barriers to access of health care programs for people who are living with HIV/AIDS such as transportation, finance and caregiving. This paper contends that people in rural areas need to have this specialized care closer to where they live in order to manage the disease and go on with living.

From the Paper
"According to the authors of Barriers to accessing HIV/AIDS care in North Carolina: rural and urban differences, "studies of the etiology of unmet needs among HIV-infected individuals found that most problems were externally controlled such as a lack of available services, HIV-related stigma and discrimination, and long travel distances to services," (Reif, Golin and Smith, 2005). The researchers administered a self-administered survey to every case manager in North Carolina. Some of the questions in the survey were in regards to the area that they serve so they can distinguish between metropolitan areas and non metropolitan areas. Respondents to the survey were asked to respond to several questions including case manager and client characteristics and service barriers that may influence medication adherence. "

Tags:aging, elderly, travel, care

Abstract
This paper examines the current status of divorce in Canada. This paper views divorce as a positive self-realization opportunity rather than a deviant or pathological end of marriage. It identifies the tremendous advances in women's rights relating to divorce in the past fifty years and the tremendous inequalities and social constraints that still exist. It also focuses on the impact of divorce on children.

Abstract
This paper reviews the factors that influence the availability of food in the deep-sea environment. Given that the deep sea is a made up of a complex set of ecosystems and is part of a larger, interconnected environment affected by large-scale global events, the constraints on food availability are both internal and external. The paper discusses both internal constraints, which relate to the physical and chemical properties of water and to events occurring with the deep sea, and external constraints, such as food web dynamics, seasonal variations, changes caused by human activity such as deep-sea mining, recent abyssal warming and freshening, global warming. The paper concludes that these internal and external constraints on food in the deep sea must be taken into account when determining global and local policy regarding the exploitation, consumption, management, and conservation of marine and other resources.

Outline:
Introduction
General Internal Constraints on Food Availability in the Deep Sea
Food-web Dynamics
Seasonal Variations
Chemoautotrophy
Abyssal Warming and Freshening
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It has generally been held that because the deep sea is remote and isolated, with generally low current velocities and virtually no sediment erosion at the abyssal seafloor [35], it is a fairly stable and self-contained environment with its own internal dynamics, that has undergone relatively little change over geologic timescales, unaffected by the mass extinctions that were common in terrestrial environments and even in the surface oceans. The high percentage of geologically older taxa in the deep sea appears to support this conclusion [19]. It is theorized that the deep sea, particularly the nutrient-rich environments of hydrothermal vents and cold seeps may have served as "refugia" for ancient faunas during the mass extinctions that occurred in the euphotic zone during the Phanerozoic [22, 41]. However, evidence is accumulating that the deep sea is not insulated against catastrophic or other large-scale events [22] and that such events have affected, and continue to affect, food availability in this region of the marine environment. These discoveries are consistent with the growing realization that the oceans and the atmosphere form one single interconnected environment.
"Large-scale events can occur both internally and externally to the deep sea, and both types affect food availability. The most significant external large-scale event that currently impinges upon the deep sea and its food supply is global warming. The attention that this phenomenon has been receiving recently has led to a surge of interest among marine scientists and others in examining its effect on the deep-sea environment. However, not much research has been done so far in relation to the effect on food availability. The discussion that follows will analyze food availability in the deep sea in terms of both the internal and external constraints that have shaped and continue to shape the diet and feeding patterns of the deep-sea community, with emphasis on the external constraints and, in particular, the effects of global warming and other human-generated environmental phenomena."

Tags:food web dynamics, global warming, chemoautotrophy, hydrothermal vents, whale falls, particulate organic matter, phytoplankton, acidification, biodiversity

Abstract
This paper examines three research articles pertaining to the topic of alcohol availability and crime, namely "Ecological Models of Alcohol Outlets and Violent Assaults: Crime Potentials and Geospatial Analysis" by Gruenewald, et al , "Is the Physical Availability of Alcohol and Illicit Drugs Related to Neighborhood Rates of Child Maltreatment?" by Freisthler, et al and "Drug "Hot Spots", Alcohol Availability and Violence" by Gorman et al. The paper discusses the research question, data strategy and results of each and analyzes Gorman's article in order to show that this article is the most valid and credible piece. The criteria used to evaluate the three research articles is included as an appendix to the paper.

From the Paper
"The link between alcohol availability and crime has been studied for several years across a multitude of variables and using a number of different data collection and analysis techniques. Since socio-economic status, head of household, age, and neighborhood information can all affect the crime rates of a given area, researchers must account for all other variables before examining the results of their particular study. Further, the design, sampling, population, data analysis techniques, and overall methods must support a sound, valid, ethical, and overall reliable experiment in order to be truly credible."

Tags:population, statistics, assault, abuse, drugs, reliability, accuracy, variables

Abstract
This paper looks at representativeness heuristics and at availability heuristics, provide examples of both, and outline how the use of such heuristics often leads to inaccurate conclusions. At the same time, the paper also looks at why it cannot be said that the application of heuristics by human beings immediately makes people "irrational" in some fundamental sense.

From the Paper
"When taking into account the concept of heuristics and the various limitations the authors delineate, it is actually rather hard to countenance the idea that heuristics generally leads to true conclusions. For one thing, turning momentarily to availability heuristics, even when someone is aware of their basis and makes a conscious effort to correct it, they often over-compensate - and that even rudimentary efforts at over-compensation appears to be relatively rare. For instance, the Nisbett and Ross report that "simple, tempting, availability criteria are used in contexts in which availability and frequency are poorly correlated.""

Tags:frequency limitations, goodness to fit, categorization faulty

Abstract
Men are increasingly receiving custody of their children, leading to an augmented rate of single-father families in the US. However, many observers are still under the impression that there are only a few custodial fathers; consequently, the existing data on this group is limited. This project is an analysis of the available literature on African-American fathers who have custody of their children. Considering there are a number of factors that lead fathers to become sole custodians, assist them in the process thereof, and resultant changes that occur both in their lives and the lives of their children, the following questions navigate this study: 1) How do African-American fathers become single parents? 2) What social networks are available to assist these fathers? 3) How does becoming sole custodians shape their lives?

Table of Contents
Introduction: African American Men & Society
Jennifer Hamer on Black Custodial Fathers
"Mothering", Can He Do It?
How Do Fathers Become Custodial Parents?
What Social Networks are Available to Assist Single Fathers?
How Does Becoming Single Parents Shape Their Lives?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Traditional images of what an American family should be would include a father, mother and child (ren). National increases in divorce and non-marital childbearing in the United States have changed the face of the typical American family. This alteration in the nuclear family ushered in a new family model, the single parent or guardian (as they are sometimes termed). Single parents have become a major component within American culture, but much to the surprise of some researchers, it is not only women who are rearing today's youth. A growing number of fathers are assuming primary care of their children, but public policy/programs have not responded effectively to this phenomenon. Public ideas and images have given men the principles by which they should govern the way they speak, the way they look, the way they should respond to a given situation and how they should behave as fathers (Hamer, 2001). These standards have existed within American culture for decades and have made very little if any adjustment overtime. From the turn of the century to the 1970's "ideal" fathers were primarily perceived as warmhearted providers on whom all family members could depend (Hamer, 2001). In general, men were measured by their breadwinning role and the standard of living they were able to provide for themselves and their families."

Tags:child, custody, dads, deadbeat, support

Abstract
This junior level paper on Positions In Medical Information reviews the prospects of job posts available in the vast field of medicine. The paper gives a clear description and experience required for each medical job position, including their basic salary structure. This paper also compares the job market available for each office, as well as gives a narration of their prerequisites.

Tags:BUSINESS / EMPLOYMENT, WORK RELATED ISSUES, positions in medical

Abstract
A paper on accounting and tax software. The author examines the various programs available and states the functions available with each of them. He notes that although the accounting functions are good what really make these products exciting are the business management tools for creating customized reports and financial statements.

From the Paper
"Peachtree Complete offers all the standard accounting functions. It also includes a powerful job-costing function that lets you analyze job costs and track current job estimates. In addition, Peachtree offers tracking capabilities to keep tabs on back orders and partial shipments. This program can also alert you when inventory gets low or you're going over budget. The Administration section lets you manage tasks such as creating job descriptions and tracking sales reps and handling contact management. Peachtree has numerous easy-to-modify reports that let you analyze data and includes a form designer so you can create your own forms (Cavanah 1997)."

Tags:Peachtree, Quickbooks, ?, Cyma, IV, Maint, Turbotax, TaxAct, Abacus