Abstract
This paper reviews the factors that influence the availability of food in the deep-sea environment. Given that the deep sea is a made up of a complex set of ecosystems and is part of a larger, interconnected environment affected by large-scale global events, the constraints on food availability are both internal and external. The paper discusses both internal constraints, which relate to the physical and chemical properties of water and to events occurring with the deep sea, and external constraints, such as food web dynamics, seasonal variations, changes caused by human activity such as deep-sea mining, recent abyssal warming and freshening, global warming. The paper concludes that these internal and external constraints on food in the deep sea must be taken into account when determining global and local policy regarding the exploitation, consumption, management, and conservation of marine and other resources.

Outline:
Introduction
General Internal Constraints on Food Availability in the Deep Sea
Food-web Dynamics
Seasonal Variations
Chemoautotrophy
Abyssal Warming and Freshening
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It has generally been held that because the deep sea is remote and isolated, with generally low current velocities and virtually no sediment erosion at the abyssal seafloor [35], it is a fairly stable and self-contained environment with its own internal dynamics, that has undergone relatively little change over geologic timescales, unaffected by the mass extinctions that were common in terrestrial environments and even in the surface oceans. The high percentage of geologically older taxa in the deep sea appears to support this conclusion [19]. It is theorized that the deep sea, particularly the nutrient-rich environments of hydrothermal vents and cold seeps may have served as "refugia" for ancient faunas during the mass extinctions that occurred in the euphotic zone during the Phanerozoic [22, 41]. However, evidence is accumulating that the deep sea is not insulated against catastrophic or other large-scale events [22] and that such events have affected, and continue to affect, food availability in this region of the marine environment. These discoveries are consistent with the growing realization that the oceans and the atmosphere form one single interconnected environment.
"Large-scale events can occur both internally and externally to the deep sea, and both types affect food availability. The most significant external large-scale event that currently impinges upon the deep sea and its food supply is global warming. The attention that this phenomenon has been receiving recently has led to a surge of interest among marine scientists and others in examining its effect on the deep-sea environment. However, not much research has been done so far in relation to the effect on food availability. The discussion that follows will analyze food availability in the deep sea in terms of both the internal and external constraints that have shaped and continue to shape the diet and feeding patterns of the deep-sea community, with emphasis on the external constraints and, in particular, the effects of global warming and other human-generated environmental phenomena."

Tags:food web dynamics, global warming, chemoautotrophy, hydrothermal vents, whale falls, particulate organic matter, phytoplankton, acidification, biodiversity

Abstract
This paper examines three research articles pertaining to the topic of alcohol availability and crime, namely "Ecological Models of Alcohol Outlets and Violent Assaults: Crime Potentials and Geospatial Analysis" by Gruenewald, et al , "Is the Physical Availability of Alcohol and Illicit Drugs Related to Neighborhood Rates of Child Maltreatment?" by Freisthler, et al and "Drug "Hot Spots", Alcohol Availability and Violence" by Gorman et al. The paper discusses the research question, data strategy and results of each and analyzes Gorman's article in order to show that this article is the most valid and credible piece. The criteria used to evaluate the three research articles is included as an appendix to the paper.

From the Paper
"The link between alcohol availability and crime has been studied for several years across a multitude of variables and using a number of different data collection and analysis techniques. Since socio-economic status, head of household, age, and neighborhood information can all affect the crime rates of a given area, researchers must account for all other variables before examining the results of their particular study. Further, the design, sampling, population, data analysis techniques, and overall methods must support a sound, valid, ethical, and overall reliable experiment in order to be truly credible."

Tags:population, statistics, assault, abuse, drugs, reliability, accuracy, variables

Abstract
This paper looks at representativeness heuristics and at availability heuristics, provide examples of both, and outline how the use of such heuristics often leads to inaccurate conclusions. At the same time, the paper also looks at why it cannot be said that the application of heuristics by human beings immediately makes people "irrational" in some fundamental sense.

From the Paper
"When taking into account the concept of heuristics and the various limitations the authors delineate, it is actually rather hard to countenance the idea that heuristics generally leads to true conclusions. For one thing, turning momentarily to availability heuristics, even when someone is aware of their basis and makes a conscious effort to correct it, they often over-compensate - and that even rudimentary efforts at over-compensation appears to be relatively rare. For instance, the Nisbett and Ross report that "simple, tempting, availability criteria are used in contexts in which availability and frequency are poorly correlated.""

Tags:frequency limitations, goodness to fit, categorization faulty

Abstract
This paper examines how there are a lot of barriers to access of health care programs for people who are living with HIV/AIDS such as transportation, finance and caregiving. This paper contends that people in rural areas need to have this specialized care closer to where they live in order to manage the disease and go on with living.

From the Paper
"According to the authors of Barriers to accessing HIV/AIDS care in North Carolina: rural and urban differences, "studies of the etiology of unmet needs among HIV-infected individuals found that most problems were externally controlled such as a lack of available services, HIV-related stigma and discrimination, and long travel distances to services," (Reif, Golin and Smith, 2005). The researchers administered a self-administered survey to every case manager in North Carolina. Some of the questions in the survey were in regards to the area that they serve so they can distinguish between metropolitan areas and non metropolitan areas. Respondents to the survey were asked to respond to several questions including case manager and client characteristics and service barriers that may influence medication adherence. "

Tags:aging, elderly, travel, care

Abstract
This paper examines the ethics of dispensing drugs in a situation where the law prohibits doing so. It discusses whether the law of the land takes precedence over the life of the individual. It does not aim to come to a conclusion to the question, but rather explores ethical implications from various points of view. It also applies the Kantian imperative to the question.

From the Paper
"Strictly from the point of view of law, there is good reason to abide by it at all costs. Supposing that the schedule 7 prescription drug was dispensed for the prompt relief of the terminally ill cancer patient without the physician's consultation on this instance. What is this setting a precedence of? It is too severe to suggest that there could be another trip to the same pharmacist in the near future, of behalf of the same patient, with another dire circumstance calling for another prompt breaking of the law? "

Tags:pharmaceutical, health, categorical, imperative, Kant

Abstract
This paper examines the increase in international household penetration of the Internet. Nearly all companies are able to have a global presence with the addition of a single website and therefore drastically improve their overall performance and profit margins. Different countries are analyzed to ascertain the percentage of domestic Internet access.

In the Average Household
Different Levels of Household Penetration by the World Wide Web
Reasons for Variations of Household Penetration
Implications on International Marketing

From the Paper
"There can be no question that technological advance in countries around the world has dramatically influenced global marketing concepts for many companies. As smaller developing nations begin to access the World Wide Web and as household penetration of the Internet increases across the world, nearly all companies are able to have a global presence with the addition of a single website. By targeting these developing countries though proper global marketing strategies, companies with an international presence can drastically improve their overall performance and profit margins."

Tags:Internet, domestic, access, international, penetration, marketing

Abstract
This paper presents an extensive discussion of past and present student financial aid programs in the US. The author cites relevant literature that calls for improvement in the current system. Several specific programs and proposals are addressed. Current legislation for financial aid reform is also highlighted. In particular, the author details the differences between grants and loans, and how they affect low income families. The paper concludes that individuals and society benefit economically and socially from higher education. This ideal can materialize only if education supersedes politics.

Table of Contents:
Higher Up
Goal to Superseding Politics
The Case Today
Paramount Concerns
Results and Recommendations
The Door to Higher Education
References

From the Paper
"During the past 20 years, however, federal financial aid has veered from awarding grants. Loans, rather than grants, totaled 45% of federal student aid in 1981. Fifty-eight percent of federal aid to students was loan form during 2000. During the 1999-2000 academic year, more than one half of America's 16.5 million higher education students received some type of financial aid from federal, state, institutional, or other sources. Of this number, forty-four percent of undergraduates received grants, which averaged $3,500, while 29% of these students secured student loans, which averaged $5,100. (Camara & Kimmel, 2005, p. 45)"

Tags:financial, aid, higher, education, college, university

Abstract
This paper explains that, although most employees desire increased leisure time, present day economic and social conditions make this difficult. The paper points out that the fierce competition on the international market, combined with globalization and the constant search for improvement have forced managers to demand more work time. The result is increased pressure on the workers to work longer hours, hiring based on potential performance rather than the lure of job benefits, and the introduction of late retirement programs. The paper then discusses the food and beverage industry and the tourism industry and relates that significantly reduced leisure time for employees has created a demand for 24/7 availability in both industries.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Subtopic 1 - Increased Pressure on the Employee
Subtopic 2 - Hiring Based on Performance Instead of Job Benefits
Subtopic 3 - Late Retirement
Implication Area 1 - Food and Beverages
Implication Area 2 - Tourism
Conclusions

From the Paper
"A more and more common feature of decreased leisure time is revealed in the form of late retirements. This generally occurs due to insufficient personnel and insufficiently trained new employees. As a result of these, managers prefer to hold on to their old and trustworthy employees. The late retirement program is generally carried on in collaboration between employee and employer in the form of a part time job agreement, but it can also take the form of a full time job contract."

Tags:globalization, retirement, performance, availability, international

Abstract
This paper compares car rental company web offers and car rental portals. It specifically focuses on price, location, car classifications, time periods, as well as availability. The paper analyzes the websites of the chosen car rental portals and car rental web offers and presents an interview with an intern of CarDelMar that was conducted via email in order to answer questions that arose from the research. The paper contains numerous graphs and figures.

Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Used Abbreviations
Introduction
Description of Research
Car Rental Company Web Offers
Car Rental Portals
Places
Car Sizes
Time Period
Methodology
Car Rental Company Web Offers
Small Cars
Medium Sized Cars
Large Cars
Car Rental Portals
Small Cars
Medium Sized Cars
Large Cars
Locations
Small Cars
Medium Sized Cars
Large Cars
Findings
Average Company Prices
Cars Rental Portals vs. Car Rental Web Offers
Average Location Prices
Cars for Rent
Pricing Strategy
Warsaw most expensive Location
Limitations
Different car models for the classes
Different Features of Cars
Later Payment
Restricted Amount of Locations
Availability of Cars
Conclusion and Recommendation
Conclusion
Strategic Recommendations
Appendix A: Interview
Appendix B: Tables

From the Paper
"When searching through the internet or through articles in magazines, only car rental portals are analyzed. However, those ones are just evaluated by e.g. insurance, service and quality of the car. What should be of even more importance are the prices offered by the companies renting out cars. This assignment is to show if car rental portals with a car pool can with compete with companies that offer the rental cars through the world wide web in regard to price. The comparison of prices between car rental portals and car rental web offers is the main focus of this assignment. However, the different prices for the rent of cars in the various cities of chosen European countries might be an interesting discovery as well."

Tags:website, features, payment, customers

Abstract
In the first part of this paper, the writer discusses the rise in credit card use and looks at the reasons behind this increase. The writer then examines how the availability of easy credit caused a fundamental shift in American tastes. The writer also evaluates how these trends could affect a consumer's purchasing power, the credit industry, and even the national economy. The writer concludes that a combination of consumerism, economic need and the easy availability of credit have contributed to the revolving debt figures in the US. Further, the writer argues that as more people become knowledgeable about credit and are turning to debit cards and cash, creditors will have to devise new ways to encourage credit spending.

Outline:
Credit History
Credit Aftermath
Economic Effects
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Previous research has suggested that only a small amount of credit-card holding households were responsible for the vast majority of credit card debt. Others have shown that as credit cards became more common forms of payment, average balances increased across the board. The fact that credit cards became more readily available in the early 1990s partly accounts for this phenomenon, and tends to support the latter conclusions. It is far more likely that all people are using credit cards more, rather than merely a fraction of American households."
"Bernthal et al attributes this increase in revolving debt to intense competition among lenders. There was therefore a strong incentive for lenders to extend loans to riskier households. In the 1980s, credit cards were seen as a status symbol, only acquired by those who had disposable income. By 1995, however, the average credit card holder had lower income and was more likely to be single. The average credit card holder was also more likely to rent rather than own their home, worked in a blue collar profession and often carried higher credit card balances."

Tags:debt, payment, borrowing, balances