Abstract This paper discusses the issue of autonomy in the high school as an organization. High schools are hierarchical models where new approaches are superimposed. This makes teacher autonomy a very complex issue.
Abstract The main premise of the paper is that nursing is completely based on autonomy. It explains why this concept is so important in the nursing profession and exactly what it means. It further emphasises that the ability of the patient to make a decision depends entirely on the nurse.
From the Paper "The main point I learned in the course about autonomy is why this concept is so important for nursing. Autonomy basically is about making decisions, and how well the patient makes a decision depends entirely on the nurse. Nursing is completely based on autonomy. The first theme is about the meaning of autonomy. Autonomy refers to the person being able to decide their own life, and is defined as individual choice, freedom of the will and being our own person (Beauchamp & Childress, 2001). Autonomy is very important because it is concerned with the patient's freedom of choice."
Abstract This paper examines the meaning and significance of patient autonomy and the way in which it relates to medical paternalism. It attempts to show how the case for patient autonomy is not only ethically valid, but also essential for the moral and practical balance in the medical profession. It also explores how underlying this view is the fact that the issue of patient autonomy does not exist in isolation or in the medical field alone, but relates to other issues and ethical problems in the society at large. These larger issues refer to various forms of control and authoritarianism, which act against personal liberty and freedom.
From the Paper "The concept of and motivation for patient autonomy is best understood by understanding the meaning of the term medical paternity. Paternity is a concept that is allied to a wider and predominantly contemporary problem, namely the world wide reaction against forms of control and dominance from persons, associations or groups that are not transparent and open in their dealings. The term paternalism carries with it many loaded meanings based on restriction and control, particularly pertaining to information. The term has been deconstructed in many spheres, including the field of medicine. This deconstruction aims at exposing the hidden layers of hegemony and biased authoritarianism that the term implies."
Abstract This paper explains that the doctrine of informed consent and patient autonomy emphasizes the dilemma that modern medicine experiences when faced with the issue of a patient's right and autonomy to decide what is going to be done to his or her own body once he or she is committed to a healthcare unit. The paper then points out that the once unquestionable acceptance that the patient should leave him or herself completely in the care of the medical staff seems to be outdated. The paper then goes on to define the concepts of patient's right of patient autonomy and the physician's obligation of informed consent. The issue may appear to be simple; however, there are many aspects to this doctrine. These are discussed in the paper.
From the Paper "Wear also identifies many other aspects and medical situations where informed consent and patient autonomy can be harmful from a medical point of view, rather than beneficial. According to Wear, the two bioethics concepts can be termed as 'fast ethics', as in 'fast food', that is, a compromise between real ethical principles and no principles at all. Wear emphasizes thus that the ethos itself and its functionality may be seriously undermined in such cases where the doctors are confronted with the spontaneous behavior of the patients who are confronted with the truth about a serious illness or condition."
Abstract In the two cases of Mrs. White (an old woman requesting withdrawal of life supporting care) and Mr. Black (a younger man with MS who is requesting physician-assisted suicide at a later stage) we are faced with two fundamentally different ethical problems. However, this paper will argue that an ethical analysis would suggest one key to both problems: autonomy. Although there are other ethical issues to both cases, it will be seen that autonomy is the key point at which all of these issues converge and which, therefore, presents us with the best avenue for making a decision as to the physician's action in both cases.
Abstract This paper claims that patients' autonomy can be meaningfully enhanced through physicians' beneficence. Drawing on the deliberative model and the concept of autonomy, the paper argues that a patient is more active and hence autonomous when the physician is also active.
Abstract The paper relates that recent years have seen a massive rise in the number, size and power of global corporations, also called multinational corporations. The author points out that some multinational corporations have economies that are larger than the economies of many developing countries. The paper argues that the autonomy of developing countries is seriously threatened by multinational corporations and that the autonomy of many of them is already compromised.
From the Paper "Recent years have seen a massive rise in the number, size and power of global corporations, also called multinational corporations. This has risen to the point where some multinational corporations have economies that are larger than the economies of many developing countries. What does this mean for the developing countries that house these multinational corporations? Will it be possible for them to maintain their autonomy in the face of this threat? It is here argued that in fact the autonomy of developing countries is seriously threatened by multinational corporations, and that the autonomy of many of them is already compromised."
Abstract This paper discusses the issue of behavioral autonomy which is developed through the adolescent's relationships with family members and peers. It describes the process that the adolescent needs to go through to separate himself from parental care and concludes that the overall outcome of achieving behavioral autonomy should be healthy psychosocial adjustment, which involves healthy separation instead of detachment.
From the Paper "Behavioral autonomy refers to the ability to make independent decisions and to act in accordance with those decisions. Autonomy is developed through the adolescent's relationships with family members and with peers (Russell & Bakken, 2002). Behavioral autonomy is a developmental task to be achieved during adolescence but which endures for the life span. Although the development of autonomy is disruptive, research indicates that the majority of families maintain close ties during the period. The results of research into adolescent behavior reveal that, although behavioral autonomy adheres to certain patterns, it can be highly unpredictable and contradictory in the positive and negative outcomes for the young adolescent male. The overall outcome of achieving behavioral autonomy should be healthy psychosocial adjustment, which involves healthy separation instead of detachment."
Abstract This paper provides a view of the so-called "Third World" as an indicator of the state of the planet and examines how one must look at the marginal peoples not as an undeveloped society, but one that lives in harmony with the planet. Through a literature review, it shows the various tools for autonomy that have been snatched away due to forces that do not have an understanding of the communities that they affect.
From the Paper "With the plethora of free trade deals that have been devised, people have not realized the damage that these bureaucratic organizations are doing to subsistence peoples and their environment and social fabric. One such example is the corn farming communities of Mindanao. These people were self-sufficient and happy with their lifestyle until transnational corporations, aided by the advent of the WTO and GATT, were able to disrupt their lives. Because they had more buying power, the TNCs could sell their product at a much lower rate, the people couldn?t compete and they had to abandon their lifestyle, either ending up in poverty or working for these big businesses, all of this being ?celebrated as a further victory of "comparative advantages" and of free trade? "
Abstract This paper explains that nurses involved in community nursing often face ethical and practical dilemmas, particularly with regard to the issue of patient autonomy. It also discusses how community practice differs for nurses in a more formal settings in that there are many complex variables that can intervene in nursing care.
From the Paper "Examples of this complexity are cases where access is refused by the client, even when the client is in need of urgent assistance. This presents an acute problem on an ethical level for the community nurse. As Stulginski (1993) points out. "The nurse may be the deliverer of care, but the setting is borrowed and every interaction is negotiated with respect to this." (Stulginski, 1993, p.405) Refusal of entry is only one of the issues that a community nurse might face. In essence the problems that the community nurse faces are often of an ethical nature and need careful consideration. These may include the following examples of some scenarios that community nurses sometimes face."
Abstract The paper reveals that a patient has the right to refuse medical treatment of any kind, no matter how serious the consequences may be. The paper discusses how nurses have the necessary competence to succeed in gaining the patient's compliance. The paper looks at strategies the nurses utilize to gain compliance that not only respect patient autonomy but strengthen the relationship between nurse and patient.
From the Paper "According to Beauchamp and Childress (2001, p. 58), "personal autonomy is, at minimum, self-rule that is free from both controlling interference by others and from limitations, such as inadequate understanding that prevent meaningful choice". Immediately the question arises about whether certain patients are just not capable of meaningful choice. For example, patients with dementia and certain psychiatric problems would not seem to be able to make good decisions. However, hospitalization itself interferes with autonomy. Because of autonomy, each patient needs to be respected as well as being involved in all care decisions. In addition, each patient's independence is to be encouraged (Harris, 2005). The patient needs to be able to engage in reasoning, understanding, and making an independent decision. Even patients in mental institutions who have been declared legally incompetent are still able to make a number of autonomous choices including refusing to take medication (Wirshing, et al., 1998,)."
This paper deals with the Canadian Confederation, along with the formation of a Council of Federation, and what this means to Quebec nationalism and autonomy.
Abstract This paper analyzes Canada as a nation divided into separate entities around issues of regionalism and provincialism. Canadians in general do not place their trust in the federal government but in the governments of the different provinces. The paper also talks about how regionalism became a force early in Canadian history and was then entrenched with the creation of the Confederation. The Canadian Confederation was an attempt to create a strong central government, seen by some as necessary to help the country develop economically. Furthermore, this Confederation was based on several principles intended to bring together the French-speaking and English-speaking worlds, and while this has been effective in setting in place an administration and a central government for Canada, it has not been successful enough to diminish separatist tendencies and inter-ethnic tensions. The paper asserts that a new effort to address these issues involves the creation of a Council of Federation, raising the question as to whether the newly formed Council of the Federation does or does not mean the end of Quebec Nationalism/Autonomy.
From the Paper "Cameron and Simeon (2002) cite the rise in collaborative federalism, and they note that co-determinism in this context involves the two levels of government working together as equals or having provincial and territorial governments take the initiative on their own to act collectively in the absence of the federal government (p. 49). The authors offer a history of intergovernmental relations in Canada, especially in the period since the end of World War II, noting the growing antipathy of the public to increased executive federalism. The 1970s saw a growing regionalism and more assertiveness on the part of English-speaking provinces, with provinces less and less inclined to defer to federal leadership. More recently, what the authors call 'collaborative federalism' has become the means by which national goals are achieved, with some or all of the eleven governments and territories acting collectively (p. 54)."
Tags: canada, regionalism, autonomy, tensions, efforts, government
Abstract This paper examines the concept of abstract authentication in federated database systems and the difficulties presented because the autonomously operated components may not know the identity of federation users. It looks at how one proposed solution is subject switching, where the federation translates the federated users identity to that of an agreed upon component subject and how this translation may be problematic due to not having component subjects with the same accesses requested by federation users. It proposes using proximity measures between requested and provided access and presents two policy neutral algorithms to find proximity minimizing matches between a federation subject and a collection of component subjects. It also explores the concepts relating to federated databases, authorization and access, and proposes some algorithms that will facilitate the subject switching method of reconciling access requirements.
Outline
Section 1
Abstract
Background
Introduction
Characteristics of Federated Databases
Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Databases
Agents
Agents and Meaning
Perspective
Types of Meaning
Semantics Versus Pragmatics
Context
Coverage of Communicative Acts
Mental Versus Social Agency
Section 2
Federated Database Systems and Autonomy Design Autonomy Communication Autonomy Execution Autonomy Association Autonomy Authorization Autonomy Distribution Transparency (i.e., Schema Integration)
Tightly Coupled
Limited Tight Coupling
Loosely Coupled
Federated Database Security
Authorization
Standards for Authentication
Decentralized vs. Centralized Authorization
Access Controls
User Based Access Control (UBAC)
Policy Based Access Control
Content Dependent Access Control (CDAC)
Context Based Access Control (CBAC)
View Based Access Control (VBAC)
Discretionary Access Control (DAC)
Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
Role Based Access Control (RBAC)
Section 3
Subject Switching
Subject Mapping Algorithms
Mapping Process
Federation Mapping Process
Federation Identity
Component Mapping Process
Minimum Disparity Measure
Mapping Algorithm
Create Object Sets
Identify Component Subjects
Evaluate Matching Subjects
Access Disparity Measures
Numerical Disparity Measure
Comparing Disparity Measures to Approximate Measures
Approximate Disparity Measure Comparison
Motivating Example
Access Compatibility Measures and Algorithms
Compatibility of Permissions and their Disparity Measures
Cardinality
Express Specification
Section 4
Metrics
Algorithm 1 (Least Under Permitting Algorithm)
Algorithm 2 (Least Over Permitting Algorithm)
Approximations: Metrics And Mappings
Approximate Mapping Algorithms
Algorithm 3 (Approximate Under Permitting Algorithm)
Algorithm 4 (Approximate Over Permitting Algorithm)
Properties of Algorithms 3 and Algorithm 4
Multilevel Federations
Non-Protected Database
Axioms
Deductive Channels Control Theorems
Signalling Channels Control Theorems
Cover Story
Multi-view Databases
Languages
Section 5
Conclusions and Ongoing Work
References
From the Paper "Heimbingner and McLeod coined the phrase Federated Database System in 1985, and Seth and Larson later confirmed the formal definition. While the term has been loosely used to refer to several different but related database systems, they more precisely and unanimously define it as a collection of cooperating but autonomous component database systems. [SL90] (According to Oszu 1999, semi-autonomous systems are termed federative DBMS). A federated database system represents a compromise between no integration, wherein users must explicitly interface with multiple autonomous databases, and total integration, where the autonomy of each distinct database is sacrificed in order to allow users access through a single global interface."
Abstract The article "The Vicissitudes of Autonomy in Early Adolescence" (1986, by Laurence Steinberg and Susan B. Silverberg, 'Child Development') looks at young adolescents and the development of autonomy between childhood and adolescence. The paper shows that the researchers recognized that autonomy may be an umbrella term and actually consist of several different types. The paper examines how the researchers divided developing autonomy into three types: emotional, freedom from peer pressure and personal feelings of self-reliance.
From the Paper "The researchers' findings supported their hypothesis. They found that the participants did not move simply from non-autonomous to autonomous on one continuum. Rather, as the youth moved emotionally away from parents, they transferred that emotional dependence to their peer group. This left them more susceptible to peer pressure. There were age variants: fifth graders were less susceptible to peer pressure, and so were ninth-graders. Fifth graders were more able to resist peer pressure when it involved poor choices than older students; eighth graders were the most susceptible. At all levels, girls were more autonomous than boys."
This paper examines four principles which need to be considered by health care professionals in order to determine the ethical value of their decisions.
Abstract This paper explains four principles which health care practitioners must consider when faced with a dilemma. They are A) autonomy, B) beneficiency, C) non-maleficence, and 4) justice. The author defines autonomy as the independence to determine one's own direction, conditioned only by the need to respect others? individual liberties. Beneficence is the righteous philosophy of doing good, while non-maleficence adds the condition that no harm should be done. Justice, the quality which creates the most controversy, may be defined as fair, just, equitable, and unbiased decision making.
Introduction
Morality And Ethics: What are they and Why do they Matter?
All You Need to Know about Ethics Approaches and Theories
Means, Ends, Principles and Virtues
A Six-Step Process of Ethical Decision Making for You to Follow
Surviving Professional Life Ethically
Ethical Dimensions of the Professional ?Patient Relationship
Special Challenges: "Difficult Patients" and Patients in Suicidal Crisis
Bibliography
From the Paper "Case studies become much more than words on a page when health care professionals see these names as people, who hurt, are afraid, and look to you, a medical professional for comfort. The actions the medical practitioner take next will help define their moral values. As Dr. Purtilo states on page 7, ?The goal of morality is to protect a high quality of life for an individual or for a community as a whole.? When one enters training to become a health care professional, the next stop should be to prepare themselves to deal with three types of morality: their own, their society?s, and that of society as a whole. These are pretty heavy topics for young people of 18 or 20 to ponder, but ponder them they must. If knowledge is the foundation of trust, morality must be its supporters. All medical professionals will encounter situations which should cause them to "search their souls" for the best answers. The case studies which Dr. Purtilo presents throughout this book are actually a means to play the "what if" game. "What if it were my father/husband/brother/son" What would I do?? Dr. Purtilo closes this first chapter by saying that the formation of our morality and values is an on-going process. Each case will present slightly different variables and questions, therefore each day will be a type of check-up of our values and morality."
