Abstract This paper analyzes the topic of immunization of children in the United States. Specifically, it discusses why the immunization rate of children in the U.S. is so high and the validity of the reasons why some parents choose not to immunize their children. Most children in the United States receive immunization from a variety of diseases when they are toddlers. Yet, some parents choose not to immunize their children for a variety of reasons. The paper questions whether these children are protected adequately and whether they pose a danger to other, already immunized children.
From the Paper "Most people who immunize their children do so because they believe in the validity of the claims of the health profession that immunization saves lives, and because it is required before their children can enter school. There are also dire warnings from doctors and the health community regarding not immunizing children. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) web site notes: "Parents should be aware that withholding vaccinations leaves their child vulnerable to vaccine-preventable diseases in the event of an outbreak" (Editors). Recognizing there are barriers to many children receiving their vaccines, including lack of knowledge, lack of funds, and fear, a nationwide initiative was created in 1993 titled the Childhood Immunization Initiative (CII), which had a goal of inoculating 90 percent of two-year-old children. The campaign was extremely successful. "Nationwide there was 91% to 95% coverage achieved for individual vaccines" (Horner and Murphy 122). Today, immunization remains at about 95 percent of the children in the United States vaccinated by the time they enter school (Editors)."
Tags: Center, for, Disease, Control, CDC, natural, immunity
Abstract This paper begins with the presentation of a flowchart highlighting the body's immune system response at the cellular level incorporating both the cell mediated and humoral immune systems. Following this, a discussion of the immune system's response to the presence of an allergen is discussed and how allergy treatments affect the immune system response.
From the Paper "The human body has two main components to its immune system: the Cell Mediated Response and the Humoral Response. While both are unique responses of the immune system, there is strong interplay between the two. The following flowchart will present the immune system's response to attack. The presence of an allergen is not generally a life-threatening situation requiring a full immunological response, however, that is often exactly what happens. The following section will discuss the various components of the immune system that are involved in an allergic response and how treatment of allergies affects the immune system. In response to an allergen, the immune system mounts a defense. There is dispute in the medical community whether an allergen is actually a foreign substance or not (Dr. Danielle West, personal communication, January 17, 2006) however the key is how the immune system reacts to"
Abstract This essay will explore the realities of Fordism and globalization within a specific context arguing that an economy dependent on the auto industry is doomed, referring particularly to Ontario's auto industry.
Abstract This paper looks at the lymphatic system and the immune system. It compares blood, lymph and interstitial fluid, and compares lymph nodes with the spleen. It then examines humoral and cell-mediated immunity, primary and secondary immune responses, and the role of complement.
Tags: lymph, complement, cell-mediated vs humoral immunity
Abstract This paper discusses the problem of medicine's inability to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance, the final technical obstacle to bringing face transplants into widespread clinical application. The paper presents an overview of historic and current immunological research - from the use of chimerism, to the use of monoclonal antibodies to control T-cell activation - and its role in future prospects for a non-pharmaceutical strategy for tolerance induction in humans. The paper highlights studies that have examined tolerance in recipients of composite tissue allografts (CTAs), with emphasis on studies using animal models involving skin allografts, and with the intent of providing insight into the issues presented by transplantation of a face. It includes graphs and photographs to illustrate this.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
CTA Study Goals
Antigenicity of Facial Allograft Components
Immune Tolerance and Chimerism
T-cells: Activation and Blockage
Memory Cells: The Ghost in the Immune Machine
Conclusion
From the Paper "Investigators are exploring several strategies in an attempt to provide medicine with safe and effective pharmaceuticals and clinical protocols for inducing tolerance after transplant. These include creating and using chimerism, and developing targeted bio-engineered monoclonal antibodies to inactivate or destroy T cells. This review, in its overview of historical and current immunological research, provides insight into the development of a T-cell-based strategy from a basic understanding of chimerism. This review also highlights studies that examine tolerance in recipients of CTA transplants, with specific emphasis on those using skin allograft animal models."
Tags: medical, operation, plastic, surgery, anti-immune, system
Abstract This paper discusses the evolutionary development of vertebrates and the corresponding development of the adaptive immune system. It argues that the adaptive immune response is superior to the innate response, thereby allowing for the evolution of larger and more complex species, specifically, the vertebrates.
From the Paper "Survival is at once both the most primitive and the most vital aim of every organism that has ever existed. Unfortunately, the survival of any organism depends most heavily on its ability to interact with the surrounding environment in such essential tasks as metabolism and respiration. For inherent within these necessary interactions is the risk of the compromise of that organism's integrity and separation from the surrounding atmosphere. The development by living beings of immunological protection against this bodily invasion by foreign matter and additional living beings was perhaps the single greatest accomplishment in the evolution of life on earth. For such immunity, grounded in an organism's ability to distinguish between self and non-self, affords an adaptive advantage unparalleled in any other system. With time and evolution, this immunological protection grew, and certainly continues to grow, increasingly more complex, resulting in the production of organisms ever more fit to prudently interact with the environment around them. The ultimate consequence is the establishment of species that, due to their superior level of adaptation through superior immunological protection, survive better in their given environment. Evidence in favor of this theory of immunological evolution is most apparent in the evolution of the somewhat primitive invertebrates into the more highly developed vertebrates. Aside from being more complex in terms of anatomy, the vertebrates exhibit vastly superior immunological protection from the surrounding environment; this protection is the very basis for the considerable anatomical development of vertebrates over invertebrates."
Abstract The paper describes the general features of the adaptive immune system (especially in relation to innate immunity) in vertebrates, delineates the processes that took place for this complex system to evolve and the reasons behind its evolution.
From the Paper "Microscopic organisms are the most ubiquitous form of life throughout the biosphere. Many of them are parasitic and cause disease. To protect themselves against invasion by pathogens and even cells from an organism of the same species, all animals possess the means to systematically distinguish and eliminate non-self. Based on the diversity, flexibility and specificity of recognition and effector mechanisms, however, the complexity of this system varies across metazoan phyla. From relatively simple histocompatibility reactions mediated by interleukin-like proteins in sponges, to sophisticated interplay of the innate and adaptive immunity in jawed vertebrates, the increased intricacy of the immune response is positively correlated with such features as: complex morphology, increased size and lifespan as well as K-selected reproductive strategy. Thus, the fact that vertebrates exhibit all of the aforementioned characteristics may be the key reason why they are the only group of animals with an adaptive immunity."
Abstract This paper explores the economy of China and its potential. Specifically, the paper looks at the auto industry and the part it plays in the economy of China.
Abstract This paper provides a Five Forces Analysis of the auto industry and concludes that near-term profits are likely to be lower rather than higher. It attempts to predict the level of future earnings in this market.
From the Paper "The automobile industry is a global industry dominated by large companies that participate in more than just manufacturing automobiles. Companies such as Daimler Chrysler Ford and General Motors also manufacture defense equipment and often participate in finance. General Motors has one of the largest consumer finance operations in the United States. However automobiles remain a mainstay of these companies and their global operations. This research considers Porter's Five Forces as they relate to the automobile industry and attempts to predict the level ..."
A descriptive overview of the vertebrate adaptive immune response to both intra and extra-cellular pathogens with explicit focus on T-cell B-cell collaboration and antibody response.
Abstract This paper covers the major pathways by which foreign antigens are identified and dealt with through the adaptive immune response which is paramount on B-cell and T-cell responses and interaction with one another in distinct pathways and steps. It includes several diagrams and their explanations of antigens, B-Cells, T-Cells, APC's and more and their interactions and processes they go through.
From the Paper "All immune responses involving T-cell B-cell collaborations follow distinct pathways of interactions and development. These very pathways of the adaptive immune response are almost entirely dependant on the cellular interaction of B- cells and T- cells with one another. It is within each stage of these pathways and the progression of an adaptive immune response that we will concern ourselves. The following is a condensed synopsis of the adaptive immune response and the cellular interactions that will be the emphasis of this paper. Within secondary lymph tissues foreign antigen is presented to naive B-cells via their surface immunoglobulins (Igs) receptors. The same antigen is also presented to naive T-cells at this time. This presentation and subsequent recognition of antigen by both types of cells results in and end product of proliferation and development of naive B-cells into plasma cells whose function is the production of soluble immunoglobulins (antibodies), and the differentiation and development of memory B-cells whose function is to respond to subsequent exposure to the same antigen. However, this pathway is not self-sufficient and requires the direct interaction of activated T-cells, specifically "helper" T-cells (Th2 cells) 1,9. It is these T-cells in conjunction with the antigen presenting B-cells that interact to produce a hormonal response to infection. These interactions activate Th2 cells that in turn promote B-cell activation both through T-cell secreted cytokines, (interlukeinI1-2, 4 and 5), and also through direct cell to cell contacts involving specific surface proteins and corresponding receptors and the signaling initiated by the binding of these proteins to one another."
Abstract In this paper the writer first looks at the blood vessels and their functions. Then the writer discusses the meaning of "immunization" and autoimmune diseases. The paper then studies how various diseases affect the lungs. Finally, the writer discusses the function of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney.
From the Paper "Arteries arterioles and capillaries carry oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body and capillaries venules and veins carry de-oxygenated blood back to the lungs for re-oxygenation. The only arteries which carry oxygen-poor blood are the pulmonary arteries which carry this blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. The only veins which carry oxygen-rich blood are the pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. The pulmonary arteries ... "
Abstract This paper examines how the relationship between age and immune system deficiency is a complicated one and how on occasion, a counter-intuitive one. This paper also offers some possible further avenues of study that researchers may wish to consider as they continue to learn more about the human body and its efforts to protect itself from harm.
Abstract In this paper the author analyzes in full the potential causes, effects and possible solutions that there are to multiple sclerosis. Amongst other things, he looks at the disease as a genetic autoimmune disease and examines how diet can help. The author also mentions many of the preventative treatments that have been tried and are used and some of the research surrounding these. The paper concludes with the positive note that research is continuous in this field to try and help those that suffer from multiple sclerosis.
From the Paper "The basic pathogenesis of MS involves the entry of immune cells (e.g. T cells, B cells, macrophages) into the CNS through the walls of the capillaries and venules. Immune reactions occur, a lesion is formed and myelin is eventually destroyed. Myelin consists of fatty tissue which wraps around nerve axons. It essentially acts as nerve insulation and is critical for proper nerve transmissions. Loss of myelin results in degradation of nerve transmissions and a resultant multitude of disabilities which gradually worsen over time as more myelin is destroyed."
Abstract This paper examines Auto Hicksville, an auto repair start-up. It presents a market analysis which includes a thorough analysis of the PEST analysis (political, economic, social and technologic factors influencing the business environment), competition, market demand and supply, consumer behavior and capacity/ability to buy the services offered by Auto Hicksville, marketing mix and financial analysis (including break-even sales and financing recommendations). The paper contains tables and graphs.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Mission
Keys to Success
Introduction
Organizational Structure
Personal Background Analysis and Organizational Responsibilities
Organizational Chart
Marketing
Marketing Goals
Marketing Objectives
PEST Analysis
Political Factors
Economic Factors
Social Factors
Technological Factors
The 4Ps
Product
Price
Placement - Location
Promotion
The Market
Market Analysis Summary
Market Segmentation
Target Market Segment Strategy
Market Needs
Market Trends
Market Growth
Competition
Sales Forecasting
Accounting
Financial Analysis
Break-even Analysis
Sources of Capital
Financial Ratios
Appendix
From the Paper "The company will position its service to target the low to medium income market segments as the economic recession is estimated to last longer. Moreover, this segment is likely to own cars of longer usage period, which usually require more repair services. The company will adopt a lower margin on its price quotations and will increase profit by increasing the quantity of customers served."
"The same type of margin will be adopted for auto-parts acquired from its vendors. For emergency repairs and auto-parts orders, an extra 20% will be charged over the normal price and the company will guarantee the repair within 48 hours from the moment the car enters its auto shop."
Abstract At the beginning of the millennium life expectancy doubled to approximately 80 years of age, compared to what it was in 1900. This paper studies the new field of immunogerontology that explores the immune system in the aging adult. Recent research has indicated that the immune systems of aged people undergo characteristic changes, generally in the direction of decreased immune competence. As the research presented in this paper reveals, aging affects many aspects of the immune process, and since the immune system interacts with every system of the body it becomes important to have a well-developed understanding of the mechanisms related to the breakdown of this system in the later years of life.
From the Paper "Malnutrition in aging populations is another mechanism, which contributes to the decline in the efficiency of the signal transduction system and as a result leads to the degradation of the immune response. Calcium is an integral part of the signaling mechanism and the biochemical pathways that compose it. Enzymes necessary for T cell proliferation are rendered useless in the absence of calcium as shown by Miller et al (1996). Measurements made in the lab of IL-2 production were shown to be substantially lower than in T cells belonging to younger individuals. It is important to remember that IL-2 is produced after the antigen binds to the receptor-binding site and is responsible for promoting the proliferation of the T cell. Though these experiments are mainly carried out on mice, the biochemical pathways are very similar and results tend to indicate that immunodeficiency in the aging adult is due in part to the decline in calcium concentrations. Other nutrients such as zinc and vitamin E are also important in the proper functioning of the immune system affecting cytokine production and imparting a protective role from damage by free radicals respectively (Moriguchi, 1998)."
