Abstract
In Lewis Carroll's novel, "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", Carroll creates a satirical impression of human authority. This paper explains how he portrays seemingly powerful characters such as the King and Queen of Hearts as shallow, idiotic, and farcical, while characters such as Alice and the Cheshire-Cat are depicted as knowledgeable, witty characters who possess the real authority in Wonderland. Carroll, through exaggeration, displays the King and Queen of Hearts as somewhat of a parallel to the top of the hierarchy of authority in the real world. The paper looks at how these characters are presented to the reader as abusing power they don?t really possess. It explains how, in the end, Alice, with the help of the Cheshire-Cat, develops as the true figure of authority in Wonderland and symbolizes young children everywhere, showing them that they too can make a difference in the world.

From the Paper
"Lewis Carroll develops Alice as a prominent authority figure throughout her tenure in Wonderland. Alice's authority increases in her own mind as she realizes how farcical and illogical the important figures in Wonderland really are. This is quite evident at the mad tea party when Alice is arriving and the Mad Hatter and March Hare claim there is no room but
Alice indignantly says, "there's plenty of room!,"(Carroll, 60) and sits down in a large armchair
at the head of the table. Alice, here, is showing the characters of Wonderland that they do not intimidate her and she is trying to enforce her own sense of authority over these idiotic beings. The Hatter and the March Hare try to belittle Alice with their remarks but Alice replies to their snide remarks with polite, intelligent responses. This can be manifested when the Hatter and the Hare are rudely commenting on how Alice could use a hair cut and Alice replies, "you should learn not to make personal remarks . . . it's very rude."(Carroll, 60). Although the Hatter and the Hare don't realize it, Alice is establishing herself as a teacher, or leader, that provides a helpful example to children readers with respect to manners and temperament. The idea of Alice's authority in Wonderland is further developed to the point where she can be recognized as the supreme authority figure in Wonderland near the end of the story at the trial regarding the stolen tarts. Alice, at this point, has grown back to her normal size and has no respect for, or fear of the Queen or King of Hearts any longer."

Tags:cat, cheshire, hearts, queen, king

Abstract
A paper discussing respect for authority in the military with reference to the video series "Ethics in America", the portion "Under orders, Under fire".

Tags:respect, for, authority

Abstract
This paper examines the New York State (NYS) Public Authority Accountability Act, the S-OX Rule 404, a related report by the NYS Comptroller and a report by the Attorney General and the State Isnpector General, requested by NYS Governor, which addressed the sale of certain land rights bordering the Erie Canal. The author explores the factors contributing to the passage of the NYS Public Authority Accountability Act, its intent , the ways this act addresses legislative concerns and its potential to succeed. The paper includes a synthesis of the NYS Public Authority Accountability Act's particular provisions. Figures are included with the paper.

Table of Contents:
Revealing Operations behind Closed Doors
The "Act" Itself
Specific Provisions of the Public Authority Reform Act
SOX Rule 404
Rule 404 of the SEC
Opening Closed Doors of "Internal Control"
Discussion of Amendments Implementing Section 404
Acts in the Interest of the People of NYS
Senate Passes Legislation to Reform Public Authorities
The Value of Values

From the Paper
"Internal control encompasses more than a company's accounting functions. A number of definitions of the term "internal control" primarily focus on "clarifying the portion of a company's internal control that an auditor should consider when planning and performing an audit of a company's financial statements." This, albeit, did not improve the level of understanding of "internal control", nor satisfactorily provide the guidance that auditors sought. In time, successive definitions followed and increased understanding."

Tags:components governance, erie canal, ethics, internal control

Abstract
This paper provides a critical review of Gail L. Hoffman's "Painted Ladies: Early Cycladic II Mourning Figures?" in which the author maintains Cycladic figures with painted decorations were used in daily life and as part of funeral/burial ceremonies in the Archaic period.

From the Paper
"In "Painted Ladies: Early Cycladic II Mourning Figures?" Gail L. Hoffman attempts to argue that a small group of painted folding-arm figures (FAFs) from Early Bronze Age Cycladic society represent mourning figures used in funeral ritual. In trying to serve this purpose, Hoffman attempts to answer a number of questions from study of primary sources and archaeological evidence. Ultimately, however, Hoffman admits no answer provides absolute satisfaction regarding the purpose of these figures. As Hoffman explains, the purpose of the figures is a question that without..."

Tags:Greece, sculpture, women, burial, style, argument, primary sources

Abstract
During the nineteenth century, especially toward its conclusion, women were beginning to break out from their usual molds, and perceptive authors used that fact to create some outstanding dramas and novels. Thomas Hardy was one, having written "Tess of the D'Urbervilles" and Elizabeth Gaskell wrote "Ruth". There are many ways to look at these two novels; however, one interesting link makes them worth investigating. The paper shows that this link is the presence and the absence of a mother figure that might have changed the denouement of both women - a happy, peaceful conclusion for Ruth in her passing, and a tragic one for Tess, hounded by men seeking revenge for her stabbing of her seducer.

From the Paper
"Hardy, a male in the Victorian age where sex was all done behind closed doors and shuttered windows, as if it never existed at all, took umbrage at the mores of men and women whose lives would be shattered by revelations of premarital sex. Ruth had no mother to comfort her during her distress, having been forcibly removed from Mr. Bellingham. There was no mother to run to when it was time for the baby to be born. And yet, near the end of "Tess", when she might have needed her mother more than a bland Alec, her mother was distant, and not at all communicative with those who wanted information about Tess' whereabouts."

Tags:Bellingham, industrial, revolution, alec

Abstract
This paper explains that the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) consistently has held that public figures must tolerate more from the press than "the average citizen"; however, the definition of a "public figure is not shared among national and European courts and within the jurisprudence of the ECtHR there has been inconsistencies in its definition. Next, the author reviews twenty-six cases seeking a common definition of "public figures" as related to Article 10 case law. The paper concludes that the Court's approach to defining the term "public figure" is still far from satisfactory; thereby, the Court needs to establish greater consistency in its approach to this definition if the right to freedom of expression and of the personal rights of individuals are to be adequately protected. The paper includes footnotes.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Definition of "Public Figure" in Article 10 Case Law
Is the Court's Approach Satisfactory?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Equally, in Brasilier v. France , the ECtHR reiterated the assertion that politicians, as persons who have willingly placed themselves on a public platform, must endure harsher criticism than private individuals. The Court further reminded the parties that the Convention will be extremely reluctant in allowing restrictions on freedom of expression where political discourse or matters of public interest are at issue.
"The characterisation of politicians as quintessentially "public figures" was affirmed again in the more recent cases of Dabrowski v. Poland and Lepojic v. Serbia , both of which concerned the right of mayors to protection of their "reputation and rights". The Court held that there was a breach of the right to freedom of expression since the individuals claiming defamation had, by virtue of their position in society, opened themselves up to public scrutiny and even potentially defamatory statements.
"The ECtHR has also commented on the scope of permissible criticism being proportionate to the subject's statements or behaviour. In Lindon and Ors. v. France Jean-Marie Le Pen, leader of the Front National, was the subject of a novel in which he was accused, albeit indirectly, of advocating racist killings."

Tags:legitimacy, degree of tolerance, public debate, functional test, outdated

Abstract
This essay compares and contrasts the different types of authority figures within George Orwell's "1984" and Margaret Atwood's "The Handmaids Tale". It discusses how the protagonists of both novels live in societies in which repressive totalitarian regimes exist and how both regimes have clear figureheads in which ultimate authority resides. In particular, the paper examines that relationships between the Commander and Offred and Winston and O'Brien.

From the Paper
"The protagonists of both novels live in societies in which repressive totalitarian regimes exist. Both regimes have clear figureheads in which ultimate authority resides. Within the 'Handmaid's Tale' authority resides within the aptly named 'Commanders'. It is with one of these Commanders's that our protagonist who we know as Offred, a pseudo name deriving from Fred her Commanders name resides. As well as her Commander Offred is also subject to the control of other women within the novel. The Commander's wife known as Serena Joy is an authority figure within the household and the Aunts who controlled the re-education within the Red Centres also dominate the remainder of Offred's life. Within '1984' ultimate authority lies with Big Brother and the government members of the Inner Party, a small minority of the population. Winston '1984's' protagonist becomes involved with one of these Inner Party members known as O'Brien. This is the only authority figure that is individualised throughout '1984'. It is however the relationship between the Commander and Offred and Winston and O'Brien which denote the most interesting comparisons and contrasts. This is due to the involvement each authority figures play in the protagonists lives, as through them the protagonists learn, as does the reader about all aspects of the respective regimes."

Tags:Commander, O'Brien, Offred, Big, Brother, Winston

Abstract
This paper presents an examination of tragic figures. The writer compares and contrasts Macbeth and Arthur Dimmesdale as "tragic figures". Their lives, their ideas and the things that happen to them all contribute to the tragic figure persona

From the Paper
"Throughout history authors of literature have used their works to make their characters evoke emotion in the readers hearts. One of the most emotion evoking characters in works of literature is the tragic hero. The tragic hero is a hero in actions and tragic in the flaw that makes him or her human after all. The tragic hero is the character that struggles with human flaws or emotions while at the same time acting in heroic ways. The ways of a tragic hero are often about warriors and the ability to fight but this is not always the case."

Tags:tragic, hero, william, shakespeare, scarlett, letter, nathan, hawthorne

Abstract
The paper will argue the thesis that superhero comics have performed an ideologically dichotomous role in modern popular culture: at once they are both key structural supports of the ideological architecture of American imperialism while, at the same time, often functioning as subversive figures of resistance to the primary authority structures of that same empire. While an ideological analysis allows us to explore the functions of comic book superheroes in the power dynamics of mass culture, a semiotic analysis complements this approach by allowing us to understand how their ideological function has been reinforced by their "iconic" status within modern culture.

Abstract
The paper shows that not only did the ideas and policies of Marx, Lenin, Stalin Mussolini and Hitler have significant effects within their own countries during their lifetimes, but became so widespread that their influence was felt throughout the world. The author of the paper shows that the ideas and actions of these five men are now of such importance to the study of history, politics and sociology, that their influence will be taught to, and discussed by, students for many generations to come.

From the Paper
"In his desire to restore Italy to greatness, Mussolini was responsible for introducing the images that are now commonly associated with the word fascism , such as military rallies, emotional speeches and slogans, and a patriotic leader with great personal charisma (Griffin 1995). These ideas and images were soon adopted and developed by the leader of the country with which Italy would form a close alliance with during World War II, a man who saw Mussolini as a role model, but who would take the ideas of Mussolini and Fascism to such an extreme that he would become, arguably, the most notorious and despised man in history - Adolf Hitler."

Tags:Marxism, Bolshevik, Communist, fascist, Il, Duce, Germany, Russia, Italy, WWII