Abstract In Lewis Carroll's novel, "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", Carroll creates a satirical impression of human authority. This paper explains how he portrays seemingly powerful characters such as the King and Queen of Hearts as shallow, idiotic, and farcical, while characters such as Alice and the Cheshire-Cat are depicted as knowledgeable, witty characters who possess the real authority in Wonderland. Carroll, through exaggeration, displays the King and Queen of Hearts as somewhat of a parallel to the top of the hierarchy of authority in the real world. The paper looks at how these characters are presented to the reader as abusing power they don?t really possess. It explains how, in the end, Alice, with the help of the Cheshire-Cat, develops as the true figure of authority in Wonderland and symbolizes young children everywhere, showing them that they too can make a difference in the world.
From the Paper "Lewis Carroll develops Alice as a prominent authority figure throughout her tenure in Wonderland. Alice's authority increases in her own mind as she realizes how farcical and illogical the important figures in Wonderland really are. This is quite evident at the mad tea party when Alice is arriving and the Mad Hatter and March Hare claim there is no room but
Alice indignantly says, ?there's plenty of room!,?(Carroll, 60) and sits down in a large armchair
at the head of the table. Alice, here, is showing the characters of Wonderland that they do not intimidate her and she is trying to enforce her own sense of authority over these idiotic beings. The Hatter and the March Hare try to belittle Alice with their remarks but Alice replies to their snide remarks with polite, intelligent responses. This can be manifested when the Hatter and the Hare are rudely commenting on how Alice could use a hair cut and Alice replies, ?you should learn not to make personal remarks . . . it's very rude.?(Carroll, 60). Although the Hatter and the Hare don?t realize it, Alice is establishing herself as a teacher, or leader, that provides a helpful example to children readers with respect to manners and temperament. The idea of Alice's authority in Wonderland is further developed to the point where she can be recognized as the supreme authority figure in Wonderland near the end of the story at the trial regarding the stolen tarts. Alice, at this point, has grown back to her normal size and has no respect for, or fear of the Queen or King of Hearts any longer."
Abstract A paper discussing respect for authority in the military with reference to the video series "Ethics in America", the portion "Under orders, Under fire".
Abstract The paper relates how the novel "Jane Eyre" tells the story of a child's maturation process, focusing on the emotions and experiences that accompany the rise into adulthood. The paper notes the presence of overbearing authorityfigures who force Jane to attain both spiritual and emotional maturity. The paper shows how Jane finally finds happiness and love and how the shedding of an authorityfigure represents her final growth and freedom.
From the Paper "Emily Bronte, one of the foremost Victorian era writes wrote her seminal work "Jane Eyre" as a form of Bildungsroman, or a novel that tells the story of a child's maturation process, focusing on the emotions and experiences that accompany their rise into adulthood. Jane Eyre's story goes through several stages of her life, each one mirroring her emotional and spiritual growth. Many critics claim that this narrative follows the account of Bronte's own childhood growth. The most interesting analysis of this book examines the specific pattern in which Jane Eyre moves throughout the narrative. Upon close inspection, Eyre's movement pattern is catalyzed by the dual influence of two overbearing and nurturing authority figures who forces her to attain both spiritual and emotional maturity."
Abstract This essay compares and contrasts the different types of authorityfigures within George Orwell's "1984" and Margaret Atwood's "The Handmaids Tale". It discusses how the protagonists of both novels live in societies in which repressive totalitarian regimes exist and how both regimes have clear figureheads in which ultimate authority resides. In particular, the paper examines that relationships between the Commander and Offred and Winston and O'Brien.
From the Paper "The protagonists of both novels live in societies in which repressive totalitarian regimes exist. Both regimes have clear figureheads in which ultimate authority resides. Within the 'Handmaid's Tale' authority resides within the aptly named 'Commanders'. It is with one of these Commanders's that our protagonist who we know as Offred, a pseudo name deriving from Fred her Commanders name resides. As well as her Commander Offred is also subject to the control of other women within the novel. The Commander's wife known as Serena Joy is an authority figure within the household and the Aunts who controlled the re-education within the Red Centres also dominate the remainder of Offred's life. Within '1984' ultimate authority lies with Big Brother and the government members of the Inner Party, a small minority of the population. Winston '1984's' protagonist becomes involved with one of these Inner Party members known as O'Brien. This is the only authority figure that is individualised throughout '1984'. It is however the relationship between the Commander and Offred and Winston and O'Brien which denote the most interesting comparisons and contrasts. This is due to the involvement each authority figures play in the protagonists lives, as through them the protagonists learn, as does the reader about all aspects of the respective regimes."
Abstract This paper explores the significance of the fourth figure in respect to its application within logic and logic theory, where the fourth figure is typically ignored because of its inherent confusion due to a general lack of clarity in formulation. A discussion of Aristotle's intentional exclusion of this fourth figure in the study of logic is examined in addition to the general discussion, where this paper shall argue that Aristotle disliked the use of the fourth figure because it was less clear than the other three major forms.
Abstract This paper discusses Nio figures, particularly those of Todaiji Temple, which acutely represent the changes and needs of Japanese society at the time. The paper also examines and describes Kamakura realism and discusses the different figures belonging to that genre of artwork. In addition, the paper discusses the influence of this artwork on other cultures in the world. The effort to restore artwork from this period after the Genpei Civil War is also discussed.
From the Paper "After the Genpei Civil War (1180 - 1185 C.E.) in Japan a great effort was made to restore some of the cultural monuments that had been destroyed. The Todaiji as well as the Kofukuji Temples had been burned in 1180 C.E. because of their sympathies with the rebelling Minamoto family . The rebuilding of Todaiji Temple in Nara was headed by Fujiwara Yukitaka, who was director of the restoration, and Priest Chogen, who collected contributions and also traveled to China to study the Song style of architecture . This rebuilding was burned down again around 1700 C.E. but the Nandaimon and the Kongo Rikishi figures inside survived."
This is an essay showing the role of the author in three different texts: "The Expedition of Humpry Clinker" (Tobias Smollett), "The Merchant Of Venice" (William Shakespeare) and "Oedipus the King"(Rex) (Sophocles).
Abstract This paper comprises the studies of the role of the author and the authority he has over his text once it is read, from a module covering issues of intertextuality, reader and authors role, the printing process, critical studies and critical approaches. The main argument is that a reader brings ideas as does the author to the text from previous texts read.
From the Paper "The role of the author is based on preconceptions that many people hold. The notion that an author is creative, original and spontaneous are challenged by theories that no author can be unaffected by cultural activities and experiences and that the reader plays a crucial role in negotiating and constructing meanings and values.#
A text often shows the opinions of an author by conveying balanced or un-balanced arguments or viewpoints. The perspective the author takes when producing a text may often be more bias to one argument than another.# The author is affected by other texts he may have read and drawn meaning from. Social conditions and life experience also affect how an author will write a text, making it difficult to claim that any text is ever truly original. For example, William Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice, derives in large part from a story in the fourteenth-century Italian collection Il Percorone."
Abstract In this article, the writer looks at the author John Grisham, who has become famous for his law filled suspense novels. The writer discusses whether Grisham's background as a lawyer affects his literary career. Further the writer examines if there are any other factors that affect the choices he makes as an author. Finally, the writer discusses what the future may hold for this author's literary career.
From the Paper "The name "John Grisham" is nearly synonymous with the courtroom/law suspense novel, a genre he and Scott Turow dominated at the end of the twentieth century. Before becoming a best-selling author, Grisham was a lawyer who billed dozens of hours a week from a small Mississippi law office. Today, he puts in as many hours at his desk, creating detailed--if sometimes convoluted--tales of situations that would no doubt cause real life lawyers to reconsider their career choices if such cases truly crossed their desks. Does Grisham's background as a lawyer affect his literary career? What else, if anything affects the choices he makes as an author? What does the future hold for this author's literary career?"
Abstract This paper examines how Robert Dahl has devoted his professional life to the study and analysis on the issues of democracy and how among his countless publications is the book "After the Revolution: Authority in a good Society". It looks at how the central theme of this volume is the discussion about the problems, strengths and weaknesses of democracy and democratic authority. It show how in the same way as philosophers Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes and Rousseau did, Dahl explores two basic questions in the world as to: who governs and to what ends do they govern. Also, it analyzes some questions over the limits of power given to people and explains he meaning of justice and sovereignty.
From the Paper "Further, the Criterion of Economy states that ?a process my be less perfect than other alternatives according to the first two criteria but, on balance, more satisfactory simply because it economizes on the amount of time, attention, and energy.? Dahl said, that ideal state is never reached in practice; therefore we are satisfied with the most acceptable, closest one to ideal, solution, which is an optimal system for making decisions. Finally, the Principle of Affected Interests states that ?everyone who is affected by the decisions of a government should have the right to participate in that government.? As was mentioned earlier, Dahl wrote that most associations use some sort of majority rule to make decisions. Hence, the all of the three criteria and the Principle of Equality my be violated for some members of the association. Thus, it needs to be considered how will democracy protects minorities. Dahl suggests three modifications to his fundamental criteria and principles."
Abstract A paper on how man rejects authority as shown in the book of Genesis. Human nature is predisposed to reject authority, even God's; the book of Genesis details the tragic consequences of Adam and Eve's actions.
Abstract This paper relates that Stanley Milgram was a pioneer researcher on obedience to authority. The author points out that his ground-breaking and shocking studies conducted at Yale in the 1960s are still relevant today. The paper provides historical background on Professor Milgram, a full description of the obedience studies, their results and their applications to society and humanity.
From the Paper "Written in 1974, Stanley Milgram's Obedience to Authority revealed shocking truths about human nature--particularly with respect to how easily people could be manipulated to perform horrible acts on innocents when induced by a perceived legitimate authority figure. "...the most fundamental lesson of our study: ordinary people, simply doing their jobs, and without any particular hostility on their part, can become agents in a terrible destructive process." (Stanley Milgram, 1974, as quoted in Blass, 2004, xvii). While his groundbreaking research was conducted in the 1960s, his findings are relevant today in the field of psychology and in many other fields. His work continues to be studied and applied (Blass, 2004). Just what were these experiments, and what did they find?"
Abstract This paper is an analysis of the play "Antigone" written by Sophocles and its main themes. It discusses mainly the concept of legitimate authority and how it is portrayed in the play. In the play we see a very strong distinction between the laws of the gods and the laws of Creon, the king of Thebes. The play tells of Antigone and Ismene and their brothers Eteocles and Polyneices. It compares the play to "Letter from Birmingham" which was written by Martin Luther King, Jr. after he had been jailed in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963. The letter was a response to a statement made by eight white Alabama clergymen urging the black community to withdraw support from demonstrations taking place in Birmingham.
From the Paper "Letter from Birmingham deals with a situation different from, but the same as, that in which Antigone found herself. The letter was written by Martin Luther King, Jr. after he had been jailed in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963. He had broken the law by participating in a demonstration against the treatment of blacks in the community. The letter was a response to a statement made by eight white Alabama clergymen urging the black community to withdraw support from demonstrations taking place in Birmingham. The statement of the clergymen appealed for law and order and common sense to be used in dealing with the racial problems faced by the blacks of Alabama. They believed these matters could be handled in the courts, and that the decisions made by the courts should be obeyed. They deemed the demonstrations, some of which were being lead by outsiders as unwise and untimely."
Tags: Antigone, Sophocles, legitimate, authority, Martin, Luther, King, Jr., Creon, Thebes, United, States, Government
Abstract The paper examines the drama "Six Character in Search of an Author", written by Luigi Pirandello, which is play within a play. The paper shows Pirandello's theme throughout the play that life is a script with people fixed to patterns that are evident in everyday workings of life and through the history of previous lives.
From the Paper "The drama Six Characters in Search of an Author, written by Luigi Pirandello, is a play within a play, full of reality philosophizing, which shows how people are real in the same way that characters are. These two themes are highly reflective on what it means to be a play, by comparing it to life, and what it means to be a person, by comparing what it means to be a character. The drama is an assemblage of a play, put together on the spot, when six characters enter another play's rehearsal in search of an author who will manifest their roles by writing a script to their drama. This is their one bent purpose in life, to live on the stage, in their world in which they are real. Though they seem alive, as they are in their search, they are not fulfilling the purpose of filling their roles. They need to tell their stories, they desire reaffirmation of existence and for this they need their fixed reality, the stage. Their script is this means of existence and acting the script out is a means of living or being real. People in the same way are doomed to be scripted; identical to characters, they live only within their fixed play, that which acts itself out from birth to death."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that the place of Jesus as a religious icon and the central figure of one of the largest religious movements in the world is secure, but the role, meaning, and even existence of the historical Jesus is more problematic. The writer discusses that this figure is explored by Mark Allan Powell in his book "Jesus as a Figure in History," where the author considers how historians have treated the question of the historical Jesus, facts of his life that can be verified and similar issues separate from faith. The writer notes that different contemporary visions of Jesus are filled out even more as Powell discusses the six different contemporary accounts he features in his book. The writer concludes that Powell does a good job of bringing these different elements together and showing how the search for the historical Jesus relates to these questions, utilizes these questions, and leaves even more questions to be answered.
Outline:
Introduction
History of Jesus
Conclusion
From the Paper "Hierophanies of the sacred are found as things or persons in which the sacred is manifested. Hierophanies are, metaphorically speaking, windows through which the believer apprehend the holy. Hierophanies might also be called sacraments, points of contact between the divine and the human. There are innumerable hierophanies. They are themselves treated reverently and sometimes fearfully, for they are the loci through which the divine power is mediated. Sacred power is seen as dangerous in all religions, and so these loci of power are considered dangerous as well.
"Different conceptions may be used as hierophanies. Time as hierophany shows that the holy is manifested in time or revealed in time. Sacred time is fulfilled time, or a moment in which the death that life might be simply one pointless, directionless series of events is transcended. There are different ways of conceiving of time, but many are cyclical and repetitive and rhythmic, suggesting a dimension to existence that is continuous and unbroken. In the Christian conception, time is linear and unique."
Abstract The place of Jesus as a religious icon and the central figure of one of the largest religious movements in the world is secure, but the role, meaning, and even existence of the historical Jesus is more problematic. This paper examines how this figure is explored by Mark Allan Powell in his book, "Jesus as a Figure in History," and how the author considers the ways historians have treated the question of the historical Jesus, facts of his life that can be verified, and similar issues separate from faith.
From the Paper "Powell recognizes that there is no one portrait of Jesus that is accepted and that serves as the historical Jesus. His analysis shows the history of historical attention given to Jesus and some of the sources and methods used to develop different portraits of the man. He offers an in-depth discussion of six major historical accounts, offered by historians John Dominic Crossan, Marcus J. Borg, E.P. Sanders, John P. Meier, N.T. Wright, and The Jesus Seminar, a group founded in 1985 that has produced noteworthy and controversial writings on Jesus as a historical figure."
