Abstract
This paper discusses the legacies of the paths to power. The author finds that these paths affected nearly every facet of the PRC's politics. The paper reports that many continuities linked the pre-1949 era with post-1949 developments.

Abstract
This paper explains that, until the 1970s, sinologists and others studied the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) media for clues as to what might be occurring in Mainland China of which there was much conjecture. The author compares the reports from two 1960 CCP media releases, which were prepared for the national Chinese audience by the People's Republic of China (PRC), with what is now known about the terrible Communist planning error in the agricultural sector during the late 1950s and early 1960s. The paper concludes that all media materials from Beijing were expected to be propaganda; therefore, the Chinese public became adept at discerning what really might be happening. The author stresses that this reflective habit is still practiced in the PRC, despite much liberalization of the mass media.

Table of Contents
Introduction
'Go to the First Line of Agriculture!'
'Advance Payment of Wages Every Month Stimulates Enthusiasm of the CCP'
Mao's Famine
Concluding Discussion

From the Paper
"The article seems to fit with a great deal that appeared through the month of September 1960 to do with agricultural gains, work still to be done, the potential for China to become a kind of agrarian paradise, and general applause for the rural laborer. In the article discussed, rural toil is said to be very good for cadres who may still be bureaucrats or people otherwise not yet exposed to the soil. Readers in the cities, or for that matter in Hong Kong or Taiwan or wherever else refugees from the Communist state had fled, had reason to wonder what was meant by the "transfer of large numbers of cadres ..."

Tags:reflective, mao, collective, censorship, planners

Abstract
The paper looks at the ideas of Daniel C. Lynch in his article "Dilemmas of Thought Work in Fin de Siecle China", Gordon White in "Riding the Tiger" and Feng Chen in "Rebuilding the Party's Normative Authority." The paper discusses how these writers show that those who anticipated capitalism as the bringer of democracy did not understand the largely administrative but also intellectual role played by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) as well as the low expectations of the Chinese regarding the CCP. The paper explains how all three articles show signs of the CCP attempting to show its sovereignty, but is challenged by ordinary Chinese indifference.

Outline:
Introduction
Daniel C. Lynch
Gordon White
Feng Chen
Analysis and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Daniel Lynch reviewed the nature of thought-work in the People's Republic of China (PRC) at the end of the 20th century and explained the failure of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to regain control over thought-work or to build the long promised socialist-spiritual civilization for which the Chinese masses were instructed to be patient, for so very long. Society and culture in the PRC have changed radically since the rise of Chinese capitalism in relation to the forces of Globalization. Gordon White wrote on ideological decay as one price of the Reform Era's economic and social changes, what seemed a mere shift to a mixed economy in 1978 taking on all sorts of mammoth changes through the later 1980s and 1990s to make much CCP ideology irrelevant. Feng Chen referred to the CCP as an institution that was under renovation and which described itself as the proper normative authority. However, as all three agree, the role of the CCP and Beijing has been more and more concerned with ordinary administration and laws and policies serving the all-important business sector."

Tags:capitalism, socialism, government, ideology, poor, indifference

Abstract
Few events in Chinese history have evoked as much controversy as the Hundred Flowers Campaign. The central controversy revolves around the issue of whether it was a genuine attempt to solicit criticism of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), or merely a cynical ploy to expose dissenters, so that they could be ruthlessly dealt with via imprisonment, exile for "re-education" and "reform" to the countryside, or execution. In this essay it will be argued that the Hundred Flowers Campaign was initially a genuine attempt to allow at least a modicum of dissent. However, when it became clear that the floodgates had been opened, the volume of criticism quickly became far more than the authorities - particularly Chairman Mao - were prepared to tolerate.

From the Paper
Topic 6: Was the "Hundred Flowers" Movement of 1957 a Genuine Attempt to Solicit Criticism of the Chinese Communist Party, or a Ploy to Expose Dissenters? Few events in Chinese history have evoked as much controversy as the Hundred Flowers Campaign. The central controversy revolves around the issue of whether it was a genuine attempt to solicit criticism of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), or merely a cynical ploy to expose dissenters, so that they could be ruthlessly dealt with via imprisonment, exile for "re-education" and "reform" to the countryside, or execution. In this essay it will be argued that the Hundred Flowers Campaign was

Tags:china, mao, flowers

Abstract
This paper argues that the current system of leadership in China will prevail, with minor adjustments, as long as it provides order, a sense of progress and leadership. China is discussed as an unique civilization that carries over influences of the past, not the least of which are Confucian models of authority, morality and the strong society as one that unites and directs.

From the Paper
"China is discussed as a civilization, not a mere country or empire, whose political heritage differs from that of the West. The group is valued ahead of the individual as can give an impression of low political development to the foreign observer. Through time, China has had various forms of Platonic rule with those too harsh or incapable falling to rebellion or other violence, the people willing to tolerate a good deal till a point of excess that brings collapse."

Tags:prc, liberalization, ideology

Abstract
Ever since its origins in the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th Century, the submission of women to male authority has always been a significant principle of Islamic doctrine, and is still a predominant aspect of Islamic theology throughout much of the Middle East. Based upon interpretations of the Qu'ran and Shari'a law, hundreds of millions of Muslims believe that males always have had and always should have authority over females. In accordance with Qu'ranic teachings, male supremacy is the will of Allah, who commands that females should be submissive, obedient wives and daughters.

From the Paper
Male Authority in Islamic Doctrine: An Analysis Ever since its origins in the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad in the 7^th Century, the submission of women to male authority has always been a significant principle of Islamic doctrine, and is still a predominant aspect of Islamic theology throughout much of the Middle East. Based upon interpretations of the Qu'ran and Shari'a law, hundreds of millions of Muslims believe that males always have had and always should have authority over females. In accordance with Qu'ranic teachings, male

Tags:islam, male, authority

Abstract
A paper discussing respect for authority in the military with reference to the video series "Ethics in America", the portion "Under orders, Under fire".

Tags:respect, for, authority

Abstract
This paper is an analysis of the play "Antigone" written by Sophocles and its main themes. It discusses mainly the concept of legitimate authority and how it is portrayed in the play. In the play we see a very strong distinction between the laws of the gods and the laws of Creon, the king of Thebes. The play tells of Antigone and Ismene and their brothers Eteocles and Polyneices. It compares the play to "Letter from Birmingham" which was written by Martin Luther King, Jr. after he had been jailed in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963. The letter was a response to a statement made by eight white Alabama clergymen urging the black community to withdraw support from demonstrations taking place in Birmingham.

From the Paper
"Letter from Birmingham deals with a situation different from, but the same as, that in which Antigone found herself. The letter was written by Martin Luther King, Jr. after he had been jailed in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963. He had broken the law by participating in a demonstration against the treatment of blacks in the community. The letter was a response to a statement made by eight white Alabama clergymen urging the black community to withdraw support from demonstrations taking place in Birmingham. The statement of the clergymen appealed for law and order and common sense to be used in dealing with the racial problems faced by the blacks of Alabama. They believed these matters could be handled in the courts, and that the decisions made by the courts should be obeyed. They deemed the demonstrations, some of which were being lead by outsiders as unwise and untimely."

Tags:Antigone, Sophocles, legitimate, authority, Martin, Luther, King, Jr., Creon, Thebes, United, States, Government

Abstract
This paper analyzes three articles that relate to issues in contemporary China. It specifically examines "Rebuilding the Party's Normative Authority: China's Socialist Spiritual Civilization Campaign. Problems of Post-Communism" by Feng Chen, "Dilemmas of Thought Work in Fin de Siecle China" by D. C. Lynch and "Economic Reform and Ideological Decay: the Decline of Ideology, in Riding the Tiger - the Politics of Economic Reform in Post-Mao China" by Gordon White.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Reform and Ideology
Lynch on 'Thought Work'
Gordon White and Riding the Tiger
Feng Chen
Conclusion

From the Paper
"When studied after Lynch's paper and White's early 1990s summary, Feng Chen's work seem on target. He shows the Party's intellectuals and ideologists inventing work for themselves according to 'human interest' topics such as crime, removing unwholesome influences, bringing on patriotic education for the young - and these do point to some sort of socialist function. Ironically, the CCP is to run the Chinese state whose shifts to capitalism bring social problems and work towards correcting the social problems created. Feng Chen's discussion is effective in the irony of the CCP being unable to make a "normative order" according to socialism when nearly all else it pursues is so geared to capitalism. (41) An alert reader too will see that none of this matters because the Chinese show in different ways that, first and foremost, they want the benefits of capitalism. It seems like the CCP can have its moralizing intellectual and ideological "role" if it wants, because the Chinese want to be employed and have buying power. Also, they see the clear failings of capitalism as pursued by an archaic Party in millions of visibly poor people and the migrant worker population that is mentioned by others as a strong defect of the present system. If a reader follows the Chinese press, he or she can begin to think like an everyday Chinese who does not expect accuracy from the state media, does expect to be given some message of what it means to be a Chinese citizen, how China will be "great" of course, and as Feng Chen added, some instruction to do as the Party suggests. (33)"

Tags:white tiger, authority CCP

Abstract
This paper contains in-depth research into the history of China's communist leader Mao Tse-tung, speculated to be the most powerful person who has ever lived. This paper delves into Mao's political and military career and examines his writings and thoughts that dominated the functioning of the People's Republic from 1949-76. Mao authored some 2,300 publications and 740 million copies of his "Quotations" have been printed. Adapting communism to Chinese conditions Mao stressed the need for rural rather than urban-based revolutions in Asia, for reducing rural-urban differences, and for perpetual revolution to prevent the emergence of new elites.
Topics covered in this report include:
Introduction
The Young Mao
The Rise of the CCP - Mao Tse Tung - The Cataclysmic Years
The Civil War: The Revolutionary Mao
The KMT and the Long March
Achievements of the Kuomintang (KMT)
Conclusion
Endnotes
Bibliography

From the Paper
"One major area of dispute between Mao and the Returned Student leadership was military strategy. By early 1930s Mao had developed very strong opinions in this area. Despite the fact that he was without professional military training, he had always taken the strongest interest in war and strategy. The issues that divided him and the Central committee were not narrowly technical, but had important political implications."

Tags:communism, political, history, china, asia, military