Abstract
This paper relates that Stanley Milgram was a pioneer researcher on obedience to authority. The author points out that his ground-breaking and shocking studies conducted at Yale in the 1960s are still relevant today. The paper provides historical background on Professor Milgram, a full description of the obedience studies, their results and their applications to society and humanity.

From the Paper
"Written in 1974, Stanley Milgram's Obedience to Authority revealed shocking truths about human nature--particularly with respect to how easily people could be manipulated to perform horrible acts on innocents when induced by a perceived legitimate authority figure. "...the most fundamental lesson of our study: ordinary people, simply doing their jobs, and without any particular hostility on their part, can become agents in a terrible destructive process." (Stanley Milgram, 1974, as quoted in Blass, 2004, xvii). While his groundbreaking research was conducted in the 1960s, his findings are relevant today in the field of psychology and in many other fields. His work continues to be studied and applied (Blass, 2004). Just what were these experiments, and what did they find?"

Tags:obedience, authority, research

Abstract
The following assignment is for a third year philosophy course. The topic of the assignment was political authority and the obligation to obey the law. The argument that is made is that there is no real connection betweeen political authority and an obligation to obey the law. It is argued that people follow the law because it has benefits for them.

From the Paper
Political Authority and the Obligation to Obey the Law The relationship between political authority and the law has always been a complicated one. On one hand there are those who argue that political authority and the obligation to obey the law go hand in hand. For example, in "Legitimate Authority and the Duty to Obey" Kent Greenawalt quotes Hannah Pitkin as saying, "Part of what `authority' means is that those subject to it are obligated to obey"(Greenawalt 178). While this opinion has a number of supporters there are also researchers that disagree with it. They argue that it is possible to have political authority without having an obligation to obey the law. For example, in

Tags:political, authority, law

Abstract
This essay explores the various facets of authority in Richard Wright's 'Black Boy'. It is found that almost every aspect of authority, whether it be the hegemonic societal view of racism, the restrictive morality of religion or the familial, is shown to promote a necessary egoism in Wright. The writer maintains that he wants to establish his own personality; authority in the novel wants to mold him into a prescribed identity; egoism becomes the only way for him to create a self identity and survive.

From the Paper
"Richard Wright's autobiography Black Boy (1944) shows extreme distrust and distaste for almost all authority. Wright wants to establish himself as a helpful and respectful member of society, but he wants to do this on his own terms, allowing himself to define himself as an individual. However, it is the various authorities in the book, whether they be familial, moral or societal, that keep Wright from achieving his goal; the authority of the hegemonic culture, steadfastly opposed to resistance of any kind, is constantly thrusting an identity on Wright, hindering his own self-integration and causing deeper distrust and resentment. It is the ..."

Tags:black, boy, authority

Abstract
Ever since its origins in the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th Century, the submission of women to male authority has always been a significant principle of Islamic doctrine, and is still a predominant aspect of Islamic theology throughout much of the Middle East. Based upon interpretations of the Qu'ran and Shari'a law, hundreds of millions of Muslims believe that males always have had and always should have authority over females. In accordance with Qu'ranic teachings, male supremacy is the will of Allah, who commands that females should be submissive, obedient wives and daughters.

From the Paper
Male Authority in Islamic Doctrine: An Analysis Ever since its origins in the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad in the 7^th Century, the submission of women to male authority has always been a significant principle of Islamic doctrine, and is still a predominant aspect of Islamic theology throughout much of the Middle East. Based upon interpretations of the Qu'ran and Shari'a law, hundreds of millions of Muslims believe that males always have had and always should have authority over females. In accordance with Qu'ranic teachings, male

Tags:islam, male, authority

Abstract
The paper discusses the tribal culture in pre-Islamic Arabia and how Muhammad used prophetic authority to gain control of Arabia from the clans and tribes in the area.

From the Paper
"Albert Hourani commented that by the early seventh century, there existed a combination of a settled world in Arabia which had lost something of its strength and assurance, and another world on its frontiers which was in closer contact with its northern neighbors and opening itself to their cultures. The decisive meeting between these groups took place in the middle years of that century when a Meccan merchant known as Muhammad of the Quraysh tribe began revealing the..."

Tags:Islam, Muhammad, prophetic authority

Abstract
A paper on how man rejects authority as shown in the book of Genesis. Human nature is predisposed to reject authority, even God's; the book of Genesis details the tragic consequences of Adam and Eve's actions.

Tags:rejection, of, authority

Abstract
This paper examines how Robert Dahl has devoted his professional life to the study and analysis on the issues of democracy and how among his countless publications is the book "After the Revolution: Authority in a good Society". It looks at how the central theme of this volume is the discussion about the problems, strengths and weaknesses of democracy and democratic authority. It show how in the same way as philosophers Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes and Rousseau did, Dahl explores two basic questions in the world as to: who governs and to what ends do they govern. Also, it analyzes some questions over the limits of power given to people and explains he meaning of justice and sovereignty.

From the Paper
"Further, the Criterion of Economy states that "a process my be less perfect than other alternatives according to the first two criteria but, on balance, more satisfactory simply because it economizes on the amount of time, attention, and energy." Dahl said, that ideal state is never reached in practice; therefore we are satisfied with the most acceptable, closest one to ideal, solution, which is an optimal system for making decisions. Finally, the Principle of Affected Interests states that "everyone who is affected by the decisions of a government should have the right to participate in that government." As was mentioned earlier, Dahl wrote that most associations use some sort of majority rule to make decisions. Hence, the all of the three criteria and the Principle of Equality my be violated for some members of the association. Thus, it needs to be considered how will democracy protects minorities. Dahl suggests three modifications to his fundamental criteria and principles."

Tags:democracy, authority, justice, sovereignty

Abstract
A paper discussing respect for authority in the military with reference to the video series "Ethics in America", the portion "Under orders, Under fire".

Tags:respect, for, authority

Abstract
This paper is an analysis of the play "Antigone" written by Sophocles and its main themes. It discusses mainly the concept of legitimate authority and how it is portrayed in the play. In the play we see a very strong distinction between the laws of the gods and the laws of Creon, the king of Thebes. The play tells of Antigone and Ismene and their brothers Eteocles and Polyneices. It compares the play to "Letter from Birmingham" which was written by Martin Luther King, Jr. after he had been jailed in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963. The letter was a response to a statement made by eight white Alabama clergymen urging the black community to withdraw support from demonstrations taking place in Birmingham.

From the Paper
"Letter from Birmingham deals with a situation different from, but the same as, that in which Antigone found herself. The letter was written by Martin Luther King, Jr. after he had been jailed in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963. He had broken the law by participating in a demonstration against the treatment of blacks in the community. The letter was a response to a statement made by eight white Alabama clergymen urging the black community to withdraw support from demonstrations taking place in Birmingham. The statement of the clergymen appealed for law and order and common sense to be used in dealing with the racial problems faced by the blacks of Alabama. They believed these matters could be handled in the courts, and that the decisions made by the courts should be obeyed. They deemed the demonstrations, some of which were being lead by outsiders as unwise and untimely."

Tags:Antigone, Sophocles, legitimate, authority, Martin, Luther, King, Jr., Creon, Thebes, United, States, Government

Abstract
This paper examines the New York State (NYS) Public Authority Accountability Act, the S-OX Rule 404, a related report by the NYS Comptroller and a report by the Attorney General and the State Isnpector General, requested by NYS Governor, which addressed the sale of certain land rights bordering the Erie Canal. The author explores the factors contributing to the passage of the NYS Public Authority Accountability Act, its intent , the ways this act addresses legislative concerns and its potential to succeed. The paper includes a synthesis of the NYS Public Authority Accountability Act's particular provisions. Figures are included with the paper.

Table of Contents:
Revealing Operations behind Closed Doors
The "Act" Itself
Specific Provisions of the Public Authority Reform Act
SOX Rule 404
Rule 404 of the SEC
Opening Closed Doors of "Internal Control"
Discussion of Amendments Implementing Section 404
Acts in the Interest of the People of NYS
Senate Passes Legislation to Reform Public Authorities
The Value of Values

From the Paper
"Internal control encompasses more than a company's accounting functions. A number of definitions of the term "internal control" primarily focus on "clarifying the portion of a company's internal control that an auditor should consider when planning and performing an audit of a company's financial statements." This, albeit, did not improve the level of understanding of "internal control", nor satisfactorily provide the guidance that auditors sought. In time, successive definitions followed and increased understanding."

Tags:components governance, erie canal, ethics, internal control