Abstract
This paper explains constraints of architecture in federal, provincial, regional or municipal standards. The paper emphasizes safety of different kinds and provides increased attention to environmental impacts. The paper reviews national guideline policies and encourages a collaborative approach to regulating officials and inspectors as resource-people. The paper includes an appreciation of why Canadian building, zoning and planning are regulated, and what an unregulated professional environment might be like.

From the Paper
"This paper provides an overview of authorities that may have jurisdiction over a ventured architectural project in a framework that strongly affects practice in the Province of Ontario. Regulatory institutions influence what architects undertake, most of them referring to matters of safety and health, construction standards with increased reference to environmental concerns. An interesting feature of the topic involves less expected laws, regulations and requirements that make the official a needed resource person regarding municipal or regional regulations that may be unfamiliar..."

Tags:canada reg, ontario, reg system

Abstract
This paper examines the New York State (NYS) Public Authority Accountability Act, the S-OX Rule 404, a related report by the NYS Comptroller and a report by the Attorney General and the State Isnpector General, requested by NYS Governor, which addressed the sale of certain land rights bordering the Erie Canal. The author explores the factors contributing to the passage of the NYS Public Authority Accountability Act, its intent , the ways this act addresses legislative concerns and its potential to succeed. The paper includes a synthesis of the NYS Public Authority Accountability Act's particular provisions. Figures are included with the paper.

Table of Contents:
Revealing Operations behind Closed Doors
The "Act" Itself
Specific Provisions of the Public Authority Reform Act
SOX Rule 404
Rule 404 of the SEC
Opening Closed Doors of "Internal Control"
Discussion of Amendments Implementing Section 404
Acts in the Interest of the People of NYS
Senate Passes Legislation to Reform Public Authorities
The Value of Values

From the Paper
"Internal control encompasses more than a company's accounting functions. A number of definitions of the term "internal control" primarily focus on "clarifying the portion of a company's internal control that an auditor should consider when planning and performing an audit of a company's financial statements." This, albeit, did not improve the level of understanding of "internal control", nor satisfactorily provide the guidance that auditors sought. In time, successive definitions followed and increased understanding."

Tags:components governance, erie canal, ethics, internal control

Abstract
This paper describes distinctions between narratives through a comparison of Aphra Behn's poem "The Disappointment", and John Wilmot's " The Imperfect Enjoyment." The author argues that influence and utility of different forms of narrative can very well distinguish a work of literature's tone and characterize the work's entire thematic overlay. This can be achieved through reflecting upon the variety of precepts formed by these two works.

From the Paper
"Woman author and poet Aphra Behn's 1680 poem "The Disappointment" is a historically criticized seventeenth century poem characterized by its use of clever and purposeful narration in its depiction of an ambiguously scandalous plot ,offered by Behn in a quasi-acceptable literary form for its time. Utilizing the technique of third person narration within "The Disappointment", Behn enables her reader's the opportunity to become fully immersed within the poem's characterization and interiority, creating a metaphorically intimate poetic mA(c)nage trios between the reader's, Cloris, and Lysander. In order to fully appreciate Aphra Behn's narrative technique, one must take into consideration the alternatives to third person narration employed by the other writer's of the seventeenth century. Upon Juxtaposing Behn's "The Disappointment", with John Wilmot's seventeenth century poem "The Imperfect Enjoyment", a critical mind is afforded the opportunity to draw upon the general advantages and disadvantages of first and third person narratives. With a critical analysis of both works, one will be able to withdraw the narrative characteristics of the contrasting styles used by Behn and Wilmot; and furthermore appreciate the distinct differences that make each poet a master of their craft."

Tags:authorship, Behn, narration, person, poem, rochester, seventeenth, Wilmot

Abstract
The paper explains the principle of legitimate authority, which mandates that war cannot be waged against any government, nation or population without it first being authorized and approved by the proper legal authorities. The paper shows how the current war in Iraq and civil war in America are used as examples of this principle.

From the Paper
"One example of this policy can be seen in the United States. In America the body of Congress is able to declare war, and in fact is the only body of government with the authority to do so(Principle of Legitimate Authority http://atheism.about.com/od/warandmorality/a/jusadbellum_3.htm).
"Because Congress is comprised of many political representatives, and a majority must agree to declare war, the US public is protected from having its government go into a war without considering the consequences first."

Tags:Civil, War, Iraq, War, intervention

Abstract
The paper examines Richard Wright's autobiography "Black Boy" and identifies how authority was the cause of Wright's egoism. The paper explains how the authorities in the book are all imbued with deep rooted racism, so the only means of survival for Wright is to embrace egoism. The paper highlights how, in the book, more than anything, authority is shown to be continuously abused and in that abuse is the destruction of any societal unity.

From the Paper
"Richard Wright's autobiography Black Boy (1944) shows extreme distrust and distaste for almost all authority. Wright wants to establish himself as a helpful and respectful member of society, but he wants to do this on his own terms, allowing himself to define himself as an individual. However, it is the various authorities in the book, whether they be familial, moral or societal, that keep Wright from achieving his goal; the authority of the hegemonic culture, steadfastly opposed to resistance of any kind, is constantly thrusting an identity on Wright, hindering his own self-integration and causing deeper distrust and resentment. It is the authorities in the book, all imbued with deep rooted racism, that makes it so that the only means of his survival is to embrace egoism."

Tags:identity, racism, religion, society, self-preservation

Abstract
This paper discusses the view that the future of traditional local authority leisure services is at risk as a result of reductions in funding from central government together with a sustained period of economic and social change and considers how local authorities may be able to provide quality leisure services in the future.

Tags:future, leisure, services

Abstract
This paper relates that Stanley Milgram was a pioneer researcher on obedience to authority. The author points out that his ground-breaking and shocking studies conducted at Yale in the 1960s are still relevant today. The paper provides historical background on Professor Milgram, a full description of the obedience studies, their results and their applications to society and humanity.

From the Paper
"Written in 1974, Stanley Milgram's Obedience to Authority revealed shocking truths about human nature--particularly with respect to how easily people could be manipulated to perform horrible acts on innocents when induced by a perceived legitimate authority figure. "...the most fundamental lesson of our study: ordinary people, simply doing their jobs, and without any particular hostility on their part, can become agents in a terrible destructive process." (Stanley Milgram, 1974, as quoted in Blass, 2004, xvii). While his groundbreaking research was conducted in the 1960s, his findings are relevant today in the field of psychology and in many other fields. His work continues to be studied and applied (Blass, 2004). Just what were these experiments, and what did they find?"

Tags:obedience, authority, research

Abstract
This essay explores the various facets of authority in Richard Wright's 'Black Boy'. It is found that almost every aspect of authority, whether it be the hegemonic societal view of racism, the restrictive morality of religion or the familial, is shown to promote a necessary egoism in Wright. The writer maintains that he wants to establish his own personality; authority in the novel wants to mold him into a prescribed identity; egoism becomes the only way for him to create a self identity and survive.

From the Paper
"Richard Wright's autobiography Black Boy (1944) shows extreme distrust and distaste for almost all authority. Wright wants to establish himself as a helpful and respectful member of society, but he wants to do this on his own terms, allowing himself to define himself as an individual. However, it is the various authorities in the book, whether they be familial, moral or societal, that keep Wright from achieving his goal; the authority of the hegemonic culture, steadfastly opposed to resistance of any kind, is constantly thrusting an identity on Wright, hindering his own self-integration and causing deeper distrust and resentment. It is the ..."

Tags:black, boy, authority

Abstract
The following assignment is for a third year philosophy course. The topic of the assignment was political authority and the obligation to obey the law. The argument that is made is that there is no real connection betweeen political authority and an obligation to obey the law. It is argued that people follow the law because it has benefits for them.

From the Paper
Political Authority and the Obligation to Obey the Law The relationship between political authority and the law has always been a complicated one. On one hand there are those who argue that political authority and the obligation to obey the law go hand in hand. For example, in "Legitimate Authority and the Duty to Obey" Kent Greenawalt quotes Hannah Pitkin as saying, "Part of what `authority' means is that those subject to it are obligated to obey"(Greenawalt 178). While this opinion has a number of supporters there are also researchers that disagree with it. They argue that it is possible to have political authority without having an obligation to obey the law. For example, in

Tags:political, authority, law

Abstract
This paper examines how Robert Dahl has devoted his professional life to the study and analysis on the issues of democracy and how among his countless publications is the book "After the Revolution: Authority in a good Society". It looks at how the central theme of this volume is the discussion about the problems, strengths and weaknesses of democracy and democratic authority. It show how in the same way as philosophers Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes and Rousseau did, Dahl explores two basic questions in the world as to: who governs and to what ends do they govern. Also, it analyzes some questions over the limits of power given to people and explains he meaning of justice and sovereignty.

From the Paper
"Further, the Criterion of Economy states that "a process my be less perfect than other alternatives according to the first two criteria but, on balance, more satisfactory simply because it economizes on the amount of time, attention, and energy." Dahl said, that ideal state is never reached in practice; therefore we are satisfied with the most acceptable, closest one to ideal, solution, which is an optimal system for making decisions. Finally, the Principle of Affected Interests states that "everyone who is affected by the decisions of a government should have the right to participate in that government." As was mentioned earlier, Dahl wrote that most associations use some sort of majority rule to make decisions. Hence, the all of the three criteria and the Principle of Equality my be violated for some members of the association. Thus, it needs to be considered how will democracy protects minorities. Dahl suggests three modifications to his fundamental criteria and principles."

Tags:democracy, authority, justice, sovereignty