Abstract The paper discusses how psychologists know what parenting practices are most effective and which are most likely to lead to positive outcomes for children. The paper reviews four different parentingstyles, shows which method is most effective, and explains why the other methods should be avoided in order to avoid detrimental consequences to the child's future.
Outline:
The Authoritarian ParentStyle The Permissive ParentingStyle The Uninvolved ParentingStyle The AuthoritativeParentingStyle Reflections From My Childhood
My Personal ParentingStyle and How I Put it into Practice
Conclusion
From the Paper "The uninvolved parent is low in both demandingness and responsiveness. In extreme cases, this parenting style might encompass both neglecting and rejecting parents, which could be very damaging to the child, although most parents of this type fall within the normal range (Baumrind, 1991).Children whose parents are uninvolved are uninvolved tend to perform poorly in most domains of social competency, academic performance, psychosocial development and problem behavior. "
Tags: children parents social competency academic performance, psychosocial development
Abstract This paper analyzes various parentingstyles - authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful and indulgent parenting. The paper describes the characteristics typical to each of these styles. The writer succeeds in proving, by reviewing several researches, that parentingstyles do in fact make a difference on a child's life and on who she/he becomes.
From the Paper "Does parenting matter in the field of education? Developmental psychologist John Borkowski, PhD says yes. Along with Borkowski, Sharon Ramey, PhD has edited a book entitled "How do parents matter"? Ramey says, "Parenting influences are much more than parents" desires to mold children. Can you make your child be who you want? Of course not.? Ramey also says it is preposterous to even ask the question, "Do parents matter"? (Azar, 2000)
"Is there a way to parent children that is better than others? Diana Baumrind is a leading authority on parenting and she believes that parents should be neither punitive nor aloof. Baumrind believes that parents should develop rules for children while at the same time being portive and nurturant. (Santrock, 2001)
Four parenting styles that Baumrind says exist are authoritarian parenting, authoritative parenting, neglectful parenting, and indulgent parenting. (Santrock, 2001)"
Tags: psychology, authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful, indulgent, family
Abstract This paper analyzes the authoritativestyle of parenting and compares it to the authoritarian style. It discusses precisely what makes a parentingstyleauthoritative in nature. It then looks at how parentingstyles can be a focus of attention in the mental health setting. The paper concludes with a brief examination of how an authoritarian parentingstyle was of benefit to the writer as a young person.
Table of Contents:
What is AuthoritativeParenting?
AuthoritativeParenting and Psychology
Response
From the Paper "The best outcome occurs with the application of the authoritative parenting style. This parenting style provides guidance without the excessive control demanded by the authoritarian parent. The authoritative parenting style relinquishes enough control over the child to permit the child to experience personal decision-making. However, it also contrasts with the permissive parenting style by providing enough guidance to enable the child to develop "appropriate morals and goals" (Bornstein & Bornstein, 2007, p. 2). A permissive parent, for example, might say that a child can go to his or her friend's house without first learning if the friend's parents will also be home. An authoritarian parent may deny the child permission regardless of any facts in the case. By contrast, the authoritarian parent uses both the facts and the child's needs as factors and may even include the child in the decision-making process."
Abstract This paper describes differing stylesparents used to bring up children. The author focuses on his own experience, stating that he thinks the authoritativestyle is the best. The paper also presents information from various studies that have been carried out on this subject.
From the Paper "Parenting styles have a profound impact on development. The way an individual is raised is often displayed in the ways in which they act and raise their own children. Studies have shown that in most cases, if an individual was raised in a certain way, they will raise their own children that same particular way. Furthermore, I feel that in mental health settings, an individual will be more receptive to a type of counseling which may be similar to the method in which they were raised.
"My parents were unquestionably authoritative parents. An authoritative parent is "firm, setting clear and consistent limits... they are loving and emotionally supportive" (Feldman, 2008, p.278). I feel this way because they would always give me my options. If I were doing something wrong they would give me the choice - either to keep doing what I was doing and face a consequence or to stop the behavior and I would not face a consequence. They would always take the time to explain things; as in telling me why something was wrong, e.g. if you keep your shoes on in the house you will make it more dirty, and this will make more work for all of us."
Abstract This paper discusses various parentingstyles that can be adopted, and describes the four theories that were set out by Diana Baumrind, a clinical and developmental psychologist.
From the Paper "Diana Baumrind, a clinical and developmental psychologist, developed four theories of parenting namely the authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, and neglectful parenting styles. In authoritarian parenting, parents are viewed as demanding and controlling but unresponsive. Authoritarian parents are also strict disciplinarians. They expect their children to follow them all the time. Blind obedience is given much emphasis. Failure to comply with the rules and regulations set by the authoritarian parents may entail a grave punishment from the martinets. Authoritarian parents use a punitive form of punishment in disciplining their children which may be in the form of physical or verbal abuse. They do not know how to show love and warmth to their children. As a result, children who grow up in this kind of controlling and hostile environment become socially incompetent or withdrawn. The authoritarian parenting has conservative views on parenting and discipline. It is parent-centered because only parents have a say when it comes to childrearing and discipline. The children themselves cannot voice out their own opinions or views."
Abstract This paper states that authoritativeparents are demanding, responsive, and controlling, but not restrictive; whereas, authoritarian parents are demanding, but not responsive. The author points out that a family system based on authoritarian principles is uncommunicative, restricted, and without any sense of autonomy, creating a lack of care and nurturing and leading to an unhealthy environment for growth and development. The paper concludes that extensive research on the types of parenting indicates that an authoritativestyle is more beneficial than authoritarian.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Review of the Literature
Discussion/Analysis
Conclusion
Reflections
From the Paper "The authoritarian style of parenting is associated with physical discipline such as spankings, beatings, and, or, slapping. "Although physical punishments will remain part of parenting for some, it is not necessary in raising a child. And it can have harmful side effects. Physical punishment appears to be more for the convenience or needs of the parent than for the good of the child". Children who grow up in an environment where violence is seen as acceptable tend to become violent."
Tags: cohesion, restrictive, responsive, punishment, system
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that the issue of determining the best parentingstyles is a consistent topic among psychologists, parents, physicians and other professionals. The writer points out that typically parents desire to raise their children to be productive members of society and provide them with the essentials of life that will allow them to grow into healthy and confident human beings. The writer then discusses that when the parent is addicted to a particular substance the concern for that individual's parentingstyle is of even greater concern. The writer maintains that the effectiveness of the parentingstyles of substance abusers can only be measured by the children of these individuals and the impact that the substance abuse has had on their lives. The writer concludes that when it is apparent that children of substance abusers are significantly more likely to abuse drugs or alcohol, become sexually promiscuous or live deviant lifestyles than children of non-abusers, it would appear that the parentingstyles of substance abusers are insufficient.
From the Paper "The purpose of the study was to focus on the parenting of the mothers and fathers that raised these individuals, in comparison to the parenting styles of the addicts that participated in the study. The researchers found that all of the addicts that were evaluated believed that they were better parents of their own children than their parents had been to them. The researchers also found that in each case the addict felt a closer emotional connection to his or her mother and believed that the mother had been the primary caregiver in the home. However, of the addicts surveyed it was discovered that almost all of the parents that raised the individuals had a substance abuse problem involving alcohol."
"In relation to their own children the addicts believed that they were more stable and that they provided a better environment than their own parents."
Abstract This paper analyzes a specific parenting strategy and examines the changes which have transpired in the "profession" of parenting over the past fifty years. The paper shows that as society changes so do expectations and opportunities change for parents and their relationship to their children.
From the Paper "Parenting would have to be considered the second oldest profession. It probably began some nine months after the first oldest profession. Given its age, one would believe that it has gone through many changes. Many biologists start defining human parenting by pointing out that the parents provide for and raise their offspring. Many species don?t, humans do...most of the time."
Abstract The paper explores how a cycle of violence can exist within families that transfers violence from generation to generation in the form of abuse, whether physical or verbal. The paper examines Patterson's coercion model that explains how parents may reinforce the pattern of abuse while a victim of the abuse also becomes a perpetrator of abuse. The paper reviews Albert Bandura's vicarious learning theory and discusses different parentingstyles and the effects of those styles upon the behavior of children. The paper therefore shows how a 'life-course trajectory of crime' may result when a child is reared in a hostile or abusive environment.
Outline:
Objective
Cycle of Violence
'Patterson's Coercion' Model
Social Learning Theory
Vicarious Learning and Inception and Evolution of Delinquency and Crime (Bandura)
Authoritarian ParentingStyle Vs Permissive ParentingStyle Life Course Trajectory of Crime and Violence
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "Research supports the belief that mistreatment of children can be understood as a 'cycle-of-violence' that is a process of intergenerational transmission.. The American Academy of Family Physicians: Policy and Advocacy in its' 'Violence' Position Paper states that family violence "permeates our society" affecting people on the individual level as well as having an impact upon the family physicians, parents, spouses, educators and citizens within society." (2007) This work states as well the fact that in traditional view violence among family members has been considered 'private' and not something discussed with those outside of the family however over the past two decades the justice system has attempted to address the problem through many venues of seeking resolution to the large societal problem."
Abstract This paper looks at the research that shows how parental attention to children's grades improves their performance. The paper focuses on the skill of reading, and how it is greatly improved by parental involvement and deals with implications of parents' non-involvement in their childrens' schooling. The paper then discusses how parental involvement is specifically seen as a mechanism for improving the status of low-socioeconomic backgrounds and minority students. The paper notes that most quantitative studies only show the effects of perceptions of parental involvement, as opposed to the actual effects of parental involvement, but concludes that regardless of the parentingstyles, the fact that interest is present serves as a positive reinforcement for children's achievement in school's grades and in life in general. The paper includes an interview with a Dr. Johnson, an elementary school teacher.
Outline:
Parental Involvement Benefits
ParentingStyles and Their Effects On Academic Performance
Parental Involvement and the Development of Reading
The Implications of Non-Involvement
Socioeconomic Influences
Potential Misgivings
Conclusion
From the Paper "In addition to the tangible results of improved grades, there also other corollary benefits to the parental involvement in their children's education. Many researchers have championed parental involvement as not only a grade improving tool, but also a mechanism for improving student achievement, behavior, and self esteem. A poll of teachers found that over eighty percent would prefer parents become even more involved. One poll of teachers found that over 80 percent would like parents to be more involved, with a lack thereof being one of the primary problems faced by the public schools. in their children's education. The same poll also found that teachers view a lack of parental involvement as one of the biggest problems facing public schools. (Swando 3)"
Abstract This paper analyzes whether the parentingstyle or the environment is more influential in shaping a person's behavior and attitude. The paper presents a study that hypothesizes that the environment is more influential than the parentingstyle, particularly when a person's behavior, attitude and the overall personality is concerned. The study includes distributing survey questionnaires to sixty carefully selected participants and summarizing, tabulating and analyzing the responses.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
From the Paper "Rearing a child presents a number of challenges to the parents. Aside from the tasks attached with nourishing the child with the basic needs such as food, shelter, education and clothing, the parents must also ensure that the child's psychological, intellectual and sociological aspects are also well taken cared of."
"It will be the parents' task to make sure that the child grows and matures properly. It will be the parents' responsibility that the behavior and attitude of the child is 'according' with the norms and traditions dictated by the society. Aside from the parents, there are other factors that can affect the person's behavior, attitude and personality. As the child grows and matures, he/she then faces varied factors that may affect his/her overall well being. These factors may include the parents themselves, the peers and the environment."
Abstract The paper relates that the level of parental involvement in children's schooling has always been intuitively accepted as being positively associated with academic achievement and high test scores. The paper examines relevant studies and shows how the forms of parental involvement that are most beneficial to the students remain mostly unexplored by most of the current literature. The paper maintains that studies should be conducted isolating precisely what parental habits most strongly correspond with high grades. The paper points out that although the signs are somewhat compelling that parentingstyle may be more influential than mere parental encouragement, they are not convincing enough to make a definite conclusion.
From the Paper "An article published by Suet-Ling Pong investigates the variances along the lines of the structure of the household. Pong notes that, "Growing proportions of children in the United States reside with a single biological parent, and there are also more children attending schools where the majority of students are from single-parent families or stepfamilies," (Pong 734). Pong analyzes eighth grade reading and math scores to determine that schools exhibiting a majority of students from single-parent homes statistically score lower on such exams. This trend is found to be true even after the demographic background of the parents is factored in--how far they went in school."
Abstract This paper discusses that parental intervention in a child's education is important, irrespective of the parents' qualifications or financial status. The paper states that parental intervention in a child's education promotes growth of students and can be promoted by designing programs. The paper recommends that elementary school authorities should review the requirements of students in consultation with their parents and that parents should feel comfortable to communicate with the teachers. The paper concludes that parental involvement in elementary schools can be achieved only if it is legally mandatory and that governments should institute policies that call for equal participation of parents, teachers and elementary school authorities.
From the Paper "Parental intervention in a child's education is important irrespective of the parent's qualification or financial status. Parental involvement promotes academic, emotional and social growth of students. It is beyond doubt that a child who dedicates more time for homework will perform well at school. A well completed homework enables a student to learn systematically. It will also reflect in the character of the child. Involvement in a child's home work enable parents to keep in pace with the lessons at school and know more about the performance of a child. This will also help them to communicate with their teacher in the case of poor performance or absence on a day. Other than homework, parents can teach children to spend their leisure time in a fruitful manner. They can advice children to engage in reading rather than spend time to watch television. Parental involvement in children's studies gives room for conversation. Parents can indulge in positive conversation by giving advice on good behavior and values which will evolve good character in a child. Parents can instill interest in a child's learning. Involvement of family in a child's learning thus influences the child's character and ability throughout life. The success of parent assisted children will be one step ahead of those who are deprived of it."
Abstract This paper finds evidence that children raised in single-parent families can achieve the same level of well-being as those raised in two-parent families. The author points out that so-called "single-parent families" often have other family members or partners substituting for the missing parent.
From the Paper "When compared to the nuclear family, single parent households are just as capable of raising healthy well-adjusting children. Despite much evidence to the contrary, the effect of living in a single parent household does not necessarily have a ..."
Tags: Single-parent, two-parent, family configuration, well-being, achievement, delinquency
