Abstract
In 1950, Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswick, and Levinson and Sanford delved into the concept of the authoritarian personality (TAP). Some of their prime assumptions include that those with TAP are submissive to authority and look to them for the definitions of right and wrong; that they are prejudiced towards an out-group, which they consider weak and inferior. The present study is based on these assumptions. An opportune sample of 100 male students of "hard sciences" were given a questionnaire assessing their susceptibility to an authoritarian source of information over that of a non-authoritarian source, along with Rokeach's Dogmatism scale (measuring authoritarianism). No significant correlation was found between the two factors. Although the findings do not support Adorno, et. al.'s assumptions, they provide evidence for forthcoming theories.

From the Paper
"Hitler, Mussolini and many other political and national leaders of the 1930-1950 period adopted and pushed authoritarianism as a strong challenge to democracy. Followers flocked to their banners" (Whitten, 1976, p.622). In an attempt to explain this phenomenon, Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswick, Levinson and Sanford (1950, which will be referred to in the text as AFLS) carried out a search for possible roots and causes of the Authoritarian Personality (TAP) type. Starting at the roots of anti-Semitism, it became a psychological study of ethnocentrism based on Freudian Psychodynamic theory. A person with TAP was defined as "a potentially fascistic individual, one whose structure is such as to render him particularly susceptible to anti-democratic propaganda" and these individuals "exhibit numerous characteristics that go together to form a syndrome", Adorno et al (1950, p.1). These were conventionalism, authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression, superstition and stereotypy, power and toughness, destructiveness and cynicism, projectivity, concern with sexual goings-on and dogmatism. Some argued that this definition was too limited and too concerned with political opinion, thus defining it as "the desire to impose one's will on others" Ray (1976 cited in Louw-Potgieter (2001), p.78)."

Tags:authoritarianism, sample, study

Abstract
This paper will discuss the Populist Party in 1892-96 and what sort of platform they chose for their elections in the United States. By observing this party, there will be descriptions on what their stance was for the people they represented in American government.

Abstract
This paper studies the Populist Party, founded in 1891, to address the economic depression in the post-Civil War era. The paper begins with an analysis of the party's role in American politics at the time, its social reform agenda, and the influence of William Jennings Bryan, the party's presidential nominee in 1896. Next, the paper tracks Bryan's political career, including another three unsuccessful runs for the presidency. Special attention is paid to Bryan's controversial involvement in the Scopes trial, which the author purports may have led to his untimely death.

From the Paper
"Every generation in American history has maintained political characteristics that distinguish it from other eras. Indeed, in light of the terrorist events at the start of this century, contemporary society will likely be remembered as a fiercely patriotic generation that generally supported its President even if there were issues that might have otherwise caused division. Likewise, the Populist Party was a political party that took a prominent part in United States politics during the 1890's. The party resulted from a variety of unsolved abuses, especially the continuing decline in prices of such crops as wheat and cotton. Several small groups of people seeking reforms united to form the party."

Tags:Scopes, Clarence, Darrow, evolution, social, reform, ecomic, religious, conservative

Abstract
In today's classroom environment there are many teaching methods and supervision techniques in use. These methods range from the authoritarian approach to the passive approach, providing a wide array of results in academic performance, levels of unacceptable behaviors and overall classroom environments. This paper examines the authoritarian approach to teaching and supervision and discusses the benefits of such a teaching method. Additionally, the paper presents the writer's opinion of why the authoritarian method of supervision is ideal for use in grade school classrooms.

From the Paper
"Additionally, the authoritarian teacher emphasizes rules and discipline. Failure to obey those rules is followed by appropriate punishment techniques. While positive reinforcement is certainly used to encourage good behavior, negative reinforcement is often used to discourage inappropriate behaviors. In short, authoritarian supervision of students depends upon the teacher acting as the ultimate authority, providing direction in all classroom activity and making most classroom decisions (Hawley, 1996)."

Tags:school, reinforcement, direction

Abstract
This paper explains that reforms carried out in Iran and Turkey by Reza Shah Pahlavi and Kemal Ataturk correspondingly, during the early half of the twentieth century, are two classical political science cases of authoritarian modernization. Next, the author details the lives of these two leaders, their influences and what they achieved. The paper concludes that both self-made men were great military soldiers and dedicated nation builders who used an iron hand. Their mistakes easily can be overlooked, the author asserts, because of their county's tremendous social, cultural, political and educational progress and the emancipation of women during their regimes. This paper includes footnotes.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Historical Background
Reza Shah Pahlavi
Kemal Ataturk
Comparing the Two Leaders, Their Influence and What They Achieved
How These Two Personalities Affected Today's World
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In fact, Reza Shah was perceived by many as "a not so successful follower of Ataturk". It is also felt that the secular reforms of Ataturk were far more sweeping than that of Reza Shah. Ataturk was able to abolish the caliphate altogether and establish a republic. Reza Shah's attempt to do a parallel in Iran however, met with varying degrees of success and he could never eliminate the influence of the clerics in the political life of the Iranians. The movement launched by Reza Shah could not create as radical an upheaval in Iran as the modernization movement initiated by Ataturk did in Turkey."

Tags:catalysts, etatism, popularity, westernization, founder

Abstract
This paper discusses how Lewis demonstrates effectively, in her novel, by means of several major characters, such as Monsieur Guerre, Martin Guerre, and Bertrande, how the restrictive nature of the patriarchal system impacts negatively on individuals. It also shows how the clearly defined roles assigned to both women and men led to great difficulties on a personal level, which then have consequences that affect the community as a whole.

From the Paper
"The role of men in the authoritarian society of rural France was both a powerful and frustrating one. The character of Monsieur Guerre is used effectively by Lewis to demonstrate the negative effects of the restrictions placed upon the male individual by society. The position of cap d'hostal is an extremely important one in the structure of the society. His supremacy is so complete that any actions not first approved by him are considered illegal, he has a great power over all members of his household and can expect complete obedience from them at all times. However, with this power comes a great burden. He is responsible for the welfare of all those under him, and so he must always act in a manner that will benefit the mesnie as a whole. As a result of this he is allowed little emotional freedom and expression. We can see the effects that the role of cap d'hostal has on the individual in Monsieur Guerre. Although a natural authoritarian figure, Monsieur Guerre harshness is accentuated by the burden of his position. On two occasions we can see the extent to which Monsieur Guerre must go to consider the welfare of his household. The first of these is the bear hunt which a young Marin takes part in. as Martin has not asked permission to go on the hunt; Monsieur Guerre is required to punish him."

Tags:arnaud, authoritarian, bertrande, france, guerre, martin, patriarchal

Abstract
In this paper, the author analyzes the similarities and differences between totalitarianism and authoritarianism through the comparison of typical countries. It further shows these two kinds of regimes have important similarities, as well as important differences. The paper refers to several nations that practice one or another of these regimes in order to illustrate its various points. However, the paper also shows that neither totalitarianism and authoritarianism are acceptable political regimes.

From the Paper
"In this paper, I am going to analyze the similarities and differences between totalitarianism and authoritarianism through the comparison of typical countries. As will be shown, these two kinds of regimes have important similarities, as well as important differences. I will refer to several nations that practice one or other of these regimes in order to illustrate my points. However, I will show that neither totalitarianism and authoritarianism are acceptable political regimes...."

Tags:totalitarianism, authoritarianism, regimes

Abstract
This paper evaluates the significance of authoritarian and participative leadership styles in today's society, with an emphasis on theories and other considerations for review. The paper shows that these styles contrast each other in dramatic ways, and that there is a strong need for continuity throughout organizations that possess these styles.

From the Paper
"In modern organizations, leaders may adopt a variety of perspectives that guide them through their responsibilities as leaders and experts. It is the responsibility of these leaders to adopt a style that best suits their needs, and that provides support for all organizational objectives. There are a number of theories and concepts that have evolved regarding these leadership styles, and this information offers some answers with respect to why some leadership styles work for some people but not for others. The following discussion will assess the authoritarian and participative leadership styles in greater detail, with an emphasis on theory and practice in modern organizational settings. Leadership styles offer a number of key considerations for thought in modern settings, and with the knowledge in place, there are unlimited opportunities to develop a specific leadership style that will suit an individual's talents and skills."

Tags:authoritarian, participative, leadership

Abstract
This paper presents an in depth look at the authoritarian personality types and its defining characteristics. The author examines characteristics such as persuasion, the use of threat, cynicism and obsession with power. Includes details about genetics and environmental influences.

From the Paper
"The contempt-respect dichotomy that is the essence of authoritarianism is difficult to observe "it is not often that one sees submissiveness to authority followed immediately by aggressiveness to a subordinate" so the purpose of the current research is to find other ways of identifying individuals with this trait. Among its defining characteristics are submission, aggression, close-mindedness, superstition and stereotype, fascination with power and authority, cynicism and destructiveness, sexual repression, belief in a dangerous world, and preference for convention. Authoritarians have extremely conservative views, are often racist, respond more strongly to threats than to rewards, and reject those outside of their narrow definition of "acceptable." These findings can positively influence the accuracy of an observer's judgments in everyday life, and, in doing so, can facilitate dealing with others."

Tags:authoritarian, personality, psychology, type, aggression, violence, power, persuasion, leader

Abstract
This paper explains that Joel Beinin's "Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East" begins in 1750, which marks the start of modern history for the Middle East because of (1) the rise of autonomous provincial regimes, (2) the expansion of agricultural production and (3) the intensification of links between several parts of the Ottoman Empire and the world capitalist market. The author points out that Beinin argues that industrial manufacturing was introduced to the Middle East as part of a drive to establish modern armies and extend the power of the states. The paper relates that Beinin considers the period after the collapse of global oil prices in 1985-86, when states became unable to provide previously established levels of services, thus creating an economic and moral vacuum, as the beginning of the political Islamic movements of establishing a popular base by offering social services, including education, health care and child care.

From the Paper
"During the era of Fordism-Keynesianism many Middle Eastern states pursued policies of populism, nationalist anti-imperialism, state-led economic development, and import-substitution industrialization. Some examples of this post-World War II trend he cites were Muhammad Mossadegh's nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1951 and Egypt's nationalization of the Suez Canal Company in 1956. State-led development and import-substitution industrialization were key components of the social policies advanced by Gamal `Abd al-Nasir in Egypt, the Ba`th in Syria and Iraq and the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) from the 1950s to the 1970s. The political and economic programs of these authoritarian-populist regimes were designated "Arab nationalism" and "Arab socialism" respectively."

Tags:fordism-keynesianism, authoritarian-populist, political-islam, petro-dollars, textile