Abstract This paper studies different culture and their absorption into North American culture. It studies cultural justice,by taking a close look at the identity of different cultures. It details where the culture finds its value, what the traditions that make it rich are, and what values are held in the highest value. It defines the term authenticity and studies its meaning with context to North America. It discusses different cultures such as: African-Americans, North Americans, Chines, Italian and more.
From the Paper "Cultural identity, that which defines an individual's heritage, belief system and values within the larger framework of society, is distinguished by tradition, ritual, language and history. In studying cultural justice, the responsibility to not only understand and embrace cultural differences, but also to discourage and dissuade cultural prejudices, particularly negative ones, one must take a close look at a culture's identity. Where does the culture find its value? What are the traditions that make it rich? What values are held in the highest esteem? There is a tendency, particularly in a multi-cultural society such as ours, for individuals who identify with a particular culture, to shed their ethnic or cultural values and to embrace those typical of the North American lifestyle. Some say this is necessary in order to create a viable North American culture. Others would argue that the richness of various cultural identities is what makes our culture so attractive."
Abstract This paper explains that authentic leadership, which embraces self-knowledge that does not mind facing personal shortcomings or needed change, is critically lacking, but very needed, in today's global environment. The author points out that leadership development can impart particular skills and provide experiences to learn these skills such as communication, more efficient management and organization, staff relationships and achieving their vision. The paper relates that the primary learning experiences for authenticity in leadership appear to be through experiential learning; therefore, funding of programs that bring together the many different cultures of the world in combination with the many different perspectives and views is very important. Charts and tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Evolution of Organizations
Evolution of Leadership
The Emerging Profile for Leadership Effectiveness
Authenticity as a Key Attribute for Effective Leadership
Concepts of Authority in Leadership
Scope, Components, Correlates
Evidence of Positive Effects of Authenticity in Leadership Productivity, Morale
Performance, Results
Other Benefits
Examples of Authentic Leaders and Their Development
Learned in school
Culturally Derived
Experientially Derived
Mentored Result
Business School Preparation of Students to Lead with Authenticity Assessment of Effectiveness
Student Perceptions
Awareness of the Need - Indications
Perceived Confidence to Lead Effectively
Global Leadership Issues
Conclusions
Apparent Message of Students
Need for Research
From the Paper "The evolution of leadership as well as that of the business organization itself has seen many popular methods and procedures in team leading come and go, however there are primary methods of leadership that always come back around to popular use due to their effectiveness. Just as the corporate and business environment has shifted through many phases with methods and procedural evolution there has also been evolution in leadership methods and styles. From the earlier days of the very amoral leaders there have been many corrupt dealings for Enron did most certainly not write the book on this type of business dishonesty."
Abstract The growing consensus is that the use of authentic materials in the English Language Teaching (ELT) classroom is beneficial to the learning process. The paper shows that, for this purpose, the crucial role played by texts in ELT reading exercises has come under closer examination. Which type of ELT textbooks is more appropriate for present needs: The "authentic" or "non-authentic" reading materials? The paper shows that the trend seems to move away from the grammar-based pedagogic content of non-authentic text in favor of authentic text, which simulates the real world outside the classroom. By working on a "living" language as used by the community, this could give learners the feeling that they are in touch with reality and thus increase their motivation for learning.
From the Paper "Clayton, Fomo defines authentic texts as "genuine samples of language in use," which are not produced specifically for the purpose of language teaching. This text, sometimes spoken and sometimes written, simulates and uses the language of the real world, which is adapted in the classroom for its relevance to the students' social milieu. The objective is to develop the students' language skills for the real world, and bridge the gap between classroom knowledge and the students' capacity to participate in real-life events."
Abstract This paper explores the issue of authentic music, stating that many people believe rock music to be more real or authentic than pop music. The paper explains that pop music is more synthetic and without the help of computers, would not sound like it does while rock music is the pure raw authentic talent of the musician. The paper focuses on the music of Eric Clapton to explain its theories.
From the Paper "Authenticity is a major issue in discourses on popular music, and seems to be the bedrock of the distinction between "pop" and "rock", i.e., whether musicians can be trusted ("rock") or not ("pop"), which comes down to the distinction of whether musicians are "authentic" or "commercial" (Moore, 2002). In these discourses, authenticity is assumed to mean "true to its origins"."
Tags: pop, rock, musician, synthesize, culture, radio
Abstract This paper describes assessment, which can range from a teacher's subjective judgment based on a single scrutiny of student performance to a five-hour standardized test, is a method used to better evaluate a student's present knowledge. The author points out that authentic assessments include a broad range of methods, which relate as closely as possible to real world student experiences, to calculate directly the student's capacity to achieve in a subject area or on cross-curricular problems. The paper relates that, as much as possible, authentic assessments look like real jobs that involve higher-order judgment and incorporate a range of various methods thus providing a more suitable measurement for evaluating the student's capabilities than the standardized tests.
From the Paper "Authentic-assessment advocates have long disapproved standardized tests, quarrelling that their intention is largely political, rather than educational. By preparing students to do completely on these tests, schools give emphasis to the skills kids really require. They argue that traditional measures do not assess major learning outcomes and thus underestimate curriculum, instruction, and policy decisions. The higher the risk, the more is the stress on teachers and administrators to spend more and more time to train students to do well on the tests. As a result, closely concentrated tests that highlight remembrance have led to a similar tapering of the syllabus and stress on rote memorization of facts with little chance to perform higher-order thinking skills."
Abstract Authentic assessment can be defined as any type of assessment that requires students to demonstrate skills and competencies in contexts that realistically represent problems and situations likely to be encountered in daily life. This paper first explores how authentic assessment has become a necessity in helping students to attain the skills to become active citizens in the information age before discussing its application in the everyday classroom.
From the Paper "Authentic assessment can be defined as any type of assessment that requires students to demonstrate skills and competencies in contexts that realistically represent problems and situations likely to be encountered in daily life. Students are required to produce ideas, to integrate knowledge and to complete tasks that have real-world applications (Dwyer, 1999). This form of assessment provides teachers, parents, potential employers and the students themselves, with invaluable information regarding what a student can actually do, rather than merely documenting the level of their performance in comparison to their peers."
Tags: learning, real, rich, school, student, tasks, teacher, teaching, world
Abstract This paper analyzes Martin Heidegger's essay "The Concept of Time", which examines the nature of time and his concept of authentic being-in-the-world, or "Dasein". The paper takes a look at Heidegger's inquiry into prevalent notions of 'what time is' , his attempt to account for the continuity of existence experienced by human beings, and subsequently into the temporality of time. Ultimately, the paper addresses the idea that "Dasein", in its ability to interpret its own being, may run ahead to the indeterminate certainty of its own non-existence to expose the entirety of its own time, rendering it accessible in its authenticity as 'how', not simply 'what' or 'when'.
From the Paper "Heidegger observes that even the everyday is running ahead to the future, albeit in an inauthentic manner that loses its own past. "The future is now that to which care clings--not the authentic, futural being of the past, but the future that the present itself cultivates for itself as its own." The present constantly jumps ahead to the next present 'now' in a succession of events analogous to its facticity of objectively rendered significances. The 'fallenness' of Dasein into everydayness causes it to appropriate an irretrievability of the past through the everyday clinging to the present. Authentic history is lost in the material obsession with the now of the present as present: the past is inaccessible as material events that are no longer present. "Because this history and temporality of the present utterly fail to attain the past, they merely have another present." In the everyday experience of present as simultaneity of 'what'-points in space, the past is rendered as a present forever separate from the immediate present. The 'how' that opens from Dasein's being futural gives access to authentic past in the ability to repeat the experience in its interpretation instead of its transient materiality."
Abstract This paper discusses the concept of the authentic self. It describes the theories of Enlightenment thinkers and the differences between these thoughts and the views of postmodernism thinkers. The paper also discusses the relationship between the individual and the society in which he lives. Additionally, the paper discusses the freedom that comes to the individual with the acceptance or rejection of the authentic self.
From the Paper "Postmodern notions that explode notions of the authentic self seem more fruitful than merely reacting against notions of selfhood provided by social institutions with an insistence upon a pure 'authentic self.' To follow Heidegger's mode of resistance would seem to require some form of social withdrawal, to avoid the dangers of inauthenticity. Accepting that the notion of an authentic self is a fiction frees the individual from the burden of having to find a fixed answer to the question of 'who am I?' Finding one's self can seem just as much of a burden to finding an answer to the totality of existence a la Hegel, or constructing the end of history, a la Marx. Postmodernism's humor and playfulness may partly come from its techniques of pastiche and parody, but may also lie in the fact that it does not take itself or 'the self' too seriously in a refreshing fashion, in contrast to other philosophical schools."
This paper reviews two articles about teaching literacy: Duke et al's 'Authentic Literacy Activities for Developing Comprehension and Writing' and Mary F. Heller's 'Telling Stories and Talking Facts'.
Abstract This paper explains that authentic literacy is broadly thought of as reading and writing in a personal narrative format. The author relates that Duke et al in their article 'Authentic Literacy Activities for Developing Comprehension and Writing' reported on their study involving 26 second and third grade teachers to investigate the development of students' ability to comprehend and compose informational and procedural texts in science. The author points out that this research confirmed that language skills acquisition improves in an authentic context rather than through de-contextualized or abstract learning. The paper also tells about a study by Mary F. Heller reported in her article 'Telling Stories and Talking Facts: First Graders' Engagements in a Nonfiction Book Club', which investigated the nature of responses of a small group of girls to see if these responses were grounded in facts learned from the readings or were narrative in nature.
Table of Contents:
Authentic Literacy Activities
Nonfiction Book Club
From the Paper "Authentic literacy activities as described in this article offer many advantages to a classroom teacher. We all wish to make our classes as interesting and relevant to our students as we possibly can. This definition of authentic writing and reading gives us a way to do this. Most all of us can recall how boring it seemed to mindlessly do worksheets or endless lists of practice exercises. By adding a "real" audience and a "real" purpose can make a writing assignment more meaningful or fun. Whether in graduate school or second grade, most of us would rather understand "why" we have to do an activity." Authentic literacy activities, as defined in this article, help students to understand that "why. Children can see how the skills they are learning are used by adults. In an age where students are subject to a great deal of test-preparation activities, doing something "real" might also be a welcomed break for teachers and students.
Abstract This paper explains that on-line business transactions would have developed faster if security, for both consumers and businesses was better. The author relates that e-commerce security includes fraud, theft, the compromising of credit card numbers, protection against cyber-terrorism, requirement of encryption of confidential and sensitive information, user authentication and access control to ensure data confidentiality, and the building of firewalls. The paper states that the essential requirements for carrying out secure online commerce involve the need for the following: Server security, message privacy, message integrity, authentication, authorization, audit mechanisms and payment and settlements.
Table of Contents
Background
What is E-Commerce Security?
Requirements for E-Commerce Security
Server Security
Message Privacy
Message Integrity
Authentication Authorization
Audit Mechanisms
Payment and Settlements
The Security of B2B Partners
From the Paper "The areas in which e-commerce has the potential to grow most in future include the small businesses. According to an October 2002 report from the Small Business Administration, seventy percent of America's small businesses (defined as those with less than 250 employees) do not have a Web presence. It is obvious that the use of the Internet promotes the growth of e-commerce. In the past, the U.S. led the way in Internet adoption. Present trends indicate that Internet use is now expanding internationally. Countries in Latin America and Asia are angling to compete for business internationally. Hence, future growth in e-commerce would not be confined to the US. American companies can increase the integration of their supply chains to benefit from the international increase of Internet use."
Abstract This paper examines the concept of abstract authentication in federated database systems and the difficulties presented because the autonomously operated components may not know the identity of federation users. It looks at how one proposed solution is subject switching, where the federation translates the federated users identity to that of an agreed upon component subject and how this translation may be problematic due to not having component subjects with the same accesses requested by federation users. It proposes using proximity measures between requested and provided access and presents two policy neutral algorithms to find proximity minimizing matches between a federation subject and a collection of component subjects. It also explores the concepts relating to federated databases, authorization and access, and proposes some algorithms that will facilitate the subject switching method of reconciling access requirements.
Outline
Section 1
Abstract
Background
Introduction
Characteristics of Federated Databases
Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Databases
Agents
Agents and Meaning
Perspective
Types of Meaning
Semantics Versus Pragmatics
Context
Coverage of Communicative Acts
Mental Versus Social Agency
Section 2
Federated Database Systems and Autonomy
Design Autonomy
Communication Autonomy
Execution Autonomy
Association Autonomy
Authorization Autonomy
Distribution Transparency (i.e., Schema Integration)
Tightly Coupled
Limited Tight Coupling
Loosely Coupled
Federated Database Security
Authorization
Standards for Authentication Decentralized vs. Centralized Authorization
Access Controls
User Based Access Control (UBAC)
Policy Based Access Control
Content Dependent Access Control (CDAC)
Context Based Access Control (CBAC)
View Based Access Control (VBAC)
Discretionary Access Control (DAC)
Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
Role Based Access Control (RBAC)
Section 3
Subject Switching
Subject Mapping Algorithms
Mapping Process
Federation Mapping Process
Federation Identity
Component Mapping Process
Minimum Disparity Measure
Mapping Algorithm
Create Object Sets
Identify Component Subjects
Evaluate Matching Subjects
Access Disparity Measures
Numerical Disparity Measure
Comparing Disparity Measures to Approximate Measures
Approximate Disparity Measure Comparison
Motivating Example
Access Compatibility Measures and Algorithms
Compatibility of Permissions and their Disparity Measures
Cardinality
Express Specification
Section 4
Metrics
Algorithm 1 (Least Under Permitting Algorithm)
Algorithm 2 (Least Over Permitting Algorithm)
Approximations: Metrics And Mappings
Approximate Mapping Algorithms
Algorithm 3 (Approximate Under Permitting Algorithm)
Algorithm 4 (Approximate Over Permitting Algorithm)
Properties of Algorithms 3 and Algorithm 4
Multilevel Federations
Non-Protected Database
Axioms
Deductive Channels Control Theorems
Signalling Channels Control Theorems
Cover Story
Multi-view Databases
Languages
Section 5
Conclusions and Ongoing Work
References
From the Paper "Heimbingner and McLeod coined the phrase Federated Database System in 1985, and Seth and Larson later confirmed the formal definition. While the term has been loosely used to refer to several different but related database systems, they more precisely and unanimously define it as a collection of cooperating but autonomous component database systems. [SL90] (According to Oszu 1999, semi-autonomous systems are termed federative DBMS). A federated database system represents a compromise between no integration, wherein users must explicitly interface with multiple autonomous databases, and total integration, where the autonomy of each distinct database is sacrificed in order to allow users access through a single global interface."
Abstract This paper historically covers the period of time between 1960, which marked the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement sit-ins in North Carolina, and 1973, which was the year that America's involvement in Vietnam ended. During this span of time, both the Civil Rights Movement and the Women's Liberation Movement were highly active and the nation became heavily involved with the Vietnam War in Southeast Asia. In addition, the largest youth movement in history swept across the nation as students on college campuses all over America organized, rebelled, and eventually brought about a staggering amount of political, social and cultural change. This paper describes the forming of the Sixties Movement and it's actions as well as impact on society.
From the Paper "The Age of Industrialization that accompanied America's entrance into the twentieth century brought with it the promise of unprecedented national prosperity and progress. The ten years proceeding the turn of the century had marked a decade of industrialized change that had greatly improved the quality of American life and had ended the long and stifling sociocultural period known as the Victorian Era (Garrett 288). Those involved in the developing fields of social and economic sciences noted the changing demographics brought on by the Industrial Age and began to chart patterns of predictions for a rapidly urbanizing America. They foresaw a series of successive social, economical and political changes for an American culture poised on the edge of progressive and eager for evolution and change. These formulas for the future proved effective in aiding cultural and economic adaptability for only the first few decades of the twentieth century, however. Neither the science nor the society of the developing American culture of the early 1900s could have conceived the concept of accelerated speed and veering versatility that these changes would begin to adopt around the middle of the century. Even the most highly advanced and sophisticated technology of today could ever have predicted the transformational turmoil and cultural chaos that was to be the decade of the 1960s."
Tags: 1960s, activism, authentic, solidarity, Vietnam, Civil, Rights, Movement
Abstract This paper gives a thorough overview of the economic theory of Efficient Markets which states that prices of stocks and other securities fully reflect the information available to the investors in the market. The paper investigates why some finance professionals harshly oppose this system as it neglects the authenticity of fundamenetal or technical analysis. It shows that these professionals claim that if the assumptions of the theory were true, if investors traded their stocks in an efficient market, where prices are a reflection of available information, the buying and selling of securities would no more be considered as a business and it would become a matter of fortune to benefit from a sale or purchase of securities. The paper uses several stock market anomalies to show how the Efficient Market Hypothesis works.
From the Paper "From the above discussed stock market anomalies, it is evident that the future trends of securities and stocks are predictable to some extent. In some circumstances, the predictability of security prices is inconsistent with efficient market hypothesis. In addition to the above-mentioned anomalies, researchers have also pointed out some other inconsistencies in the capital markets, which bring the authenticity of EMH to doubt. For instance, researchers have found evidences of rise or fall in capital markets in certain specific periods, leading to the conclusion that the capital markets are subject to certain periodic or seasonal effects. Moreover, several studies have also revealed that the price to earning ratios of the firms has a very strong capability to predict future fall or rise in prices (Campbell and Sheller, 1988)."
Abstract PIC, A Pre-IKE Credential Provisioning Protocol, has been introduced in the IP Secure Remote Access working group of the IETF in order to provide for simplified user authentication and credential provisioning prior to IPSEC IKE negotiation. This paper performs a critical analysis of the proposal, examining, among other things, PIC working draft, course relevance, IPSEC deployment issues, strengths, weaknesses and alternatives.
From the Paper "The PIC working draft proposes one of the best solutions for bootstrapping strong credentials for IPSec networking solutions without changing existing IP Security standards. PIC can theoretically be implemented and developed independent of IPSec, wireless and VPN standards yet provide an integrated component into the infrastructure solution. PIC clearly provides a window of opportunity for extending and encouraging increased deployment of secure networking solutions in the wireless and VPN market spaces."
A comprehensive look at the use of electronic signatures and other forms of identity authentication in an attempt to protect business over the internet.
Abstract As more and more human activities can be undertaken on the internet, such as entertainment and commerce, the challenge is set now for governments and international institutions to ensure high levels of security for electronic communications, both private and commercial. Through the analysis of the technological background, the international legislative framework and sociological issues, the paper evaluates and highlights the main drawbacks and problems related with electronic communication. It identifies the structural, legislative and sociological reasons which prevent a generalized adoption of means of authentication and secure communication on-line, such as electronic signatures. The paper indicates solutions and guidelines to conduct electronic commerce and electronic communications to a broader diffusion and to build the average man's confidence in trading and interacting online.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Overview
Findings
Electronic Signature - Technology, System and Law
From Hand-Written to Electronic Signature
Technology
Electronic Signatures
Key Based Systems
Digital Signature
System
Public Key Infrastructure
PKI in Practice
The Different Approaches
Law
UNCITRAL Model Laws
European Union
North America - USA and Canada
Australia, Japan and Singapore
Cross-Border Recognition
Confidence and Development
Structural Electronic Signature's Drawbacks in Comparison with the Hand-Written Signature
Legal Framework's Limits
Security Weaknesses and Risks with the Internet
Development
Conclusions
From the Paper "Apart from these evaluations, both signatures are mechanisms for secure information management and "symbols that signifies intent" , specifically the intention to authenticate a documents. Intent means that a security system must guarantee the non-repudiation of a message containing a declaration by assuring that the sender cannot later deny having sent that message. The application of this function in the electronic context presents the most problematic issues because of the unclear definition of the non-repudiation technical meaning . The uncertainty of this definition and the doubts about the limits of the binding capacity of a declaration electronically signed are probably one of the main reasons of the scarce confidence in using e-signatures to conclude on-line transaction."
