Abstract
This paper focuses on the Austrian School of Economics, explaining that although the Austrian School of Economics was not officially founded until 1871, many theories, especially individual property rights and freedom to contract and trade went back to the 15th century. While the Austrian School of Economics theories have generated new interest since one of its members received a Nobel Prize in 1974, it is regarded by some as bogus. Much of that criticism could be based on the fact that the Austrian School does not use mathematics to quantify their theories. They look at psychological reasons as to why economic principals come into play. It is also believed that they laissez-fare (hands off) philosophy of government regulation can be traced to the Austrian School of Economics. For instance, the Austrian School does not believe in anti-trust legislation. This paper will looks at the history and major belief system of the Austrian School.

From the Paper
"Although the Austrian School of Economics was not officially founded until 1871, many theories, especially about individual property rights and freedom to contract and trade went back to the 15^th century. The School maintained popularity through the latter part of the 19^th Century, but interest waned after 1920 through World War II. After one of its members received a Nobel Prize in 1974, there was a renewed interest in the Austrian School. While there is a renewed interest, some regard its theories as totally bogus. Much of that criticism is based on the fact ..."

Tags:laissez-fare, government, theory

Abstract
This paper analyzes how Austrians are staunch believers in the gold standard, which puts them in conflict with economists all over the world that favor the current system of fiat money. It looks at how the Austrian theory of the business cycle is based on the idea of an economy-wide disturbance that happens to the market process, resulting in a downturn that is cyclical, how Austrians place a great emphasis on their business cycle, and how their theory has withstood significant criticism. It discusses how Austrians support this type of economic readjustment because they believe that it eliminates weak firms and poor investments that negatively impact the economy.

From the Paper
"The Austrian's theory is intuitive but its simplification of the process makes further explanation necessary. In most economies, expansionary policies are undertaken more than once. This makes the situation more complex as individuals begin to expect inflation and act accordingly. When people begin to expect inflation, sometimes prices actually rise faster than new money is being created. The effect of this is to create a shortage of money in the economy. While policy makers may argue that this phenomenon is a sign that still more money should be put in circulation, Austrians strongly disagree. They maintain that increasing the money supply further will only worsen the problem (Rasho, 2003)."

Tags:inflation, unemployment, money, fiat, investments

Abstract
The paper looks at the history and major belief system of the Austrian School of Economics and discusses how it does not use mathematics or macroeconomics to analyze situations. The paper examines the school's political philosophies of how government and business interact, including its laissez-fare philosophy and its opposition to anti-trust regulations. The paper looks at the criticism of the Austrian School theories but notes that its political theories should be studied by every economist.

Outline:
Introduction
Background and History
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Although the Austrian School of Economics was not officially founded until 1871, many theories, especially about individual property rights and freedom to contract and trade went back to the 15th century. The School maintained popularity through the latter part of the 19th Century, but interest waned after 1920 through World War II. After one of its members received a Nobel Prize in 1974, there was a renewed interest in the Austrian School. While there is a renewed interest, some regard its theories as totally bogus. Much of that criticism is based on the fact that the Austrian School does not use mathematics, numbers or indexes to quantify their theories. Rather, the Austrian School looks at psychological reasons as to why economic principals come into play. The laissez-fare (hands off) philosophy of government regulation can be traced to the Austrian School of Economics which does not believe in anti-trust legislation."

Tags:laissez-fare, philosophy, anti-trust, regulations

From the Paper
"EXPERIMENT IN SOCIALISM
In the 1930s, Austrian politics was marked by an experiment in socialism, an attempt by the left wing to institute a socialist utopia in the country as an example to the world. The working class set out to create a distinct working-class culture and a socialist politics at the municipal level in Vienna and other cities. The left-wing politics of Vienna set the tone for much of the 1920s, leading to its own destruction by the growing power of the right wing once Austria was targeted by the Nazis in the 1930s. The socialist experiment in Vienna would attempt to bring massive political and social change to the city, instituting far-reaching programs for the benefit of the poor and working class.
Austrian politics proper began with the creation of the..."

Abstract
The paper outlines the facts of this case and relates that during access to the Austrian Gallery's archives, it was discovered by an Austrian journalist that certain artwork held by the Gallery had not been donated by the actual and rightful owners, but instead had been wrongfully seized by the Nazis or expropriated by the Austrian Republic after World War II. The paper relates that respondent, Maria Altmann, was contacted by the journalist and she filed suit to recover six valuable paintings. The paper explains that the respondent's uncle, a Czechoslovakian Jew and an art patron, had been the rightful owner of said paintings that hung in his Vienna home, until he was forced to flee Austria in 1938 due to the War. The paper describes how on March 12, 1938, the Nazis invaded Austria, occupied the uncle's sugar company, took over his home, and divided his artwork; a Nazi lawyer took possession of the six paintings in question, three of which he sold to the Gallery, one he sold to the Museum of the City of Vienna, and one he kept for himself---the sixth painting's fate remains unknown.

From the Paper
Your Name Your Student I.D# Semester, Year & Fin 320 Section Number Republic of Austria et al., Petitioners v. Maria V. Altmann Supreme Court of United States, 2004 541 U.S. 677 124 S. Ct. 2240 159 L.Ed.2d 1 FACTS: During access to the Austrian Gallery's archives, it was discovered

Tags:legal, law, case

Abstract
The paper explores how the Treaty of Vienna restored Austria's independence. The paper discusses how the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 was not the first Viennese treaty, nor would it be the last. However, this treaty helped change the face of Europe and created an independent and strong Austrian state that would hold together in various forms until the outbreak of World War I. The paper examines the Congress of Vienna who arranged the treaty and concludes that it was a success and it created lasting agreements between some of Europe's most influential and powerful leaders. The paper reveals that not everything that was accomplished lasted, but it certainly made a difference to Europe in the next century.

From the Paper
"The Treaty of Vienna was one result of the Congress of Vienna (often the terms are used interchangeably), which took place from September 1, 1814, to June 9, 1815. The Congress was held in Vienna, Austria, and chaired by an Austrian, statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich. Main participant nations included Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, France (ruled by Louis the XVIII, rather than Napoleon), and Russia. Spain, Sweden, Portugal, and the German states of Hanover, Bavaria, and Wurttemberg were also represented. The Congress' main purpose was to recreate Europe's political map after Napoleon's defeat and the defeat of the French supremacy in the region. Historians note the Congress was a direct attempt to remove power from one country and spread out among the region."

Tags:Europe, Congress, foreign, policy

Abstract
This paper presents a brief account of Austria's history, geography, and political structure, and then goes on to describe in greater detail its economy. The paper talks about Austria's GDP, its labor force, its currency, and several other factors relevant to the economy.

From the Paper
"Although Austria is a small European country in terms of GDP, area and population, it has received a remarkable growth record since the end of World War II, even when conditions were not especially favorable. Austria achieved this exemplary record of growth by concentrating on manufacturing products of the second industrial revolution, such as machine tools, chemicals, and other producer goods, and exporting them mostly to Western European countries, and especially to Germany."

Tags:republic, thomas, klestil, eu, euro, monetary, union, alps, workforce, global, economic, environments

Abstract
The paper discusses the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War in terms of their causes, the coalitions involved, and the results.

From the Paper
"The War of the Austrian Succession - pitted Austria, Great Britain and the Dutch Republic against France and Prussia. According to McKay, Hill, Buckler, Crowston and Weisner-Hanks, the war began under the pretext that the future Empress Maria Theresa of Austria should not have been allowed to succeed to the Habsburg Empire's throne because of her gender. Perhaps more significantly, this conflict, like that of the Seven Years War, reflected ongoing antagonisms between some European great powers such as Great Britain and France. As noted..."

Tags:War of the Austrian Succession, Seven Years War

Abstract
The paper discusses von Schonerer's background and why he hated the existing power structure in Vienna. The paper explores how this hatred of those in power turned to hatred of the press and specifically of Jews. The paper looks at Von Schonerer's time as representative of the Zwettl in the Austrian Abgeordnetenhaus and examines his role in the formation of the Linzer Programm. The paper then explains why he was unable to regain political influence after his relatively short stay in prison.

Outline:
Introduction
History
Von Schonerer's Growing Hatred for the Power Structures
Jews in Austria
Von Schonerer's Hatred of the Jews
Von Schonerer's Time as Representative
Von Schonerer and the Linzer Programm
Von Schonerer's Drift into Insanity
Conclusion

From the Paper
"George Heinrich Ritter von Schonerer came from a family of engineers, inherited a purchased title, and aroused the petite bourgeoisie of Vienna and the German-speaking villagers of the Lumpenproletariat. He rose to public attention during a time when Austria was particularly vulnerable to the demands of Eastern Europeans, whose new-found power increased as the Habsburg monarchy lost control over its empire.
"But for von Schonerer's influence on Hitler, he might have disappeared into the clouds of history after a few short years in the Austrian House of Representatives. Von Schonerer and Luger, the mayor of Vienna, awoke a movement in Austria that moved Hitler to copy their techniques, first in Bavaria, then in the rest of Germany."

Tags:Hitler, anti-Semitism, Jews, press, Linzer, Programm

Abstract
This paper analyzes and reviews the work of Austrian artist, Gustav Klimt, who is considered a leading exponent of Art Nouveau and one of the greatest decorative painters of the 20th century. The paper describes several of Klimt's more famous works of art, explains his artistic style and the themes exhibited in his work, and explains what makes Klimt one of the most prominent artists in the history of erotic art.

From the Paper
"The Austrian painter Gustav Klimt (1862-1918), has long been considered the leading exponent of Art Nouveau and one of the greatest decorative painters of the 20th century. His artistic renderings of the female figure and his drawings that pertain to the theme of female sexuality have assured him a place in the history of erotic art. According to George Fliedel, "There is no denying that the erotic represented one of Klimt's most important sources of inspiration" (167), for in his later paintings, sexual subject matter is often concealed beneath a gossamer web of ornament, but in his drawings, the explicitly erotic is constantly evident. Seldom have the themes of sexual coupling and female masturbation been more frequently or more exquisitely portrayed than in a number of Klimt's most famous works of art. Contemporary critics, as well as earlier commentators, have observed that explicitly sexual subjects incited Klimt to produce some of his finest paintings."

Tags:fin-de-si?cle, primal, sexuality, rejuvenation, love, death, figures, float, painter, patterns, surrealism