Abstract
This paper is an examination of the nature of fascism and then focuses on the rise of fascism in Austria. The paper finds that fascism was largely without a coherent philosophy, and consisted of a glorification of the past while claiming to look to the future. The paper notes that it was fundamentally anti-democratic, which led to its failure in Britain, France, and the Nordic states. The paper discusses how in Austria, the fascists formed a private army which did thug work for industrialists and anti-socialists, but this party was eventually overwhelmed by the Nazis.

From the Paper
"In the period between World War I and World War II in Europe, fascists in several countries struggled to overpower traditional conservatives. Fascism had strong roots and was firmly linked to the history of each country. Although claiming to look to the future, fascism invariably included a glorification of the past, generally a mythical past. In power, the fascists looked to support from the industrialists and big landowners. (Woolf, 3) Fascism generally was the radical right; conservatives represented the..."

Tags:austria, fascism, interwar

Abstract
This paper discusses fascism. The paper looks at fascism's nature and its relationship to conservatives in interwar Austria. It specifically looks at the period between World War I and World War II. The paper focuses on Italian and German power at the time and the grim choice that Austria found itself faced with - of succumbing to Italian or to German rule.

From the Paper
"In Austria, a strong fascist party rose, although it could not get control of the government. Austria was unique in Europe in lacking a strong nationalistic element. It had been stripped of its empire in the Great War. (Woolf 4) The resulting nation, a shadow of its former self, was politically divided between socialist Vienna and the surrounding provinces which were traditionally conservative and terrified in their antisocialism. (Carsten 223) The fascists formed the Heimwehr (local defense force) as a vehicle to address these fears in the Stryia province. Drawing on a strong feeling of localism against any internationalism, the Heimwehr formed working alliances with the leading mining corporation, under which all workers had to have a membership card, which the Heimwehr would issue only to those who renounced socialist unions. Further, the Heimwehr used thugs to break up strikes, to the delight of the authoritarian conservative provincial governments. (Woolf 7)"

Tags:nationalistic, conservative, Nazi

Abstract
This paper defines the strengths and weaknesses found in the alliance of the governments of Austria and Hungary prior to the First World War. The author shows that while the strengths found within this unification were unique and powerful, the weaknesses found within the political, economic, and social areas of this alliance proved to eventually destroy the Empire.

Abstract
This paper states that the long-term effects of sustained unemployment can destroy a nation's economic and social fabric by having a negative psychological impact, reducing aggregate demand and decreasing business activity. The paper discusses that, in addition to high immigration, Germany and Austria have internal flawed economic and monetary policies and lack proper vocational education. The author believes that both countries are taking steps to improve their employment situation.

From the Paper
"Unemployment is a major issue in all European countries with Germany topping other nations with an unemployment rate reaching 12.2 percent in 1997. Though the country has now taken some effective measures to curb the rising trend in unemployment, it has suffered enormously on account of its joblessness in the past few years. During the 1960s and 1970s, it was found that Federal Republic of Germany could boast of success during good conditions but would collapse under unfavorable economic pressures. This proved to be true when in 1995, country's unemployed population began to rise unexpectedly and sharply."

Tags:destroy, social, psychological, aggregate, demand, business, immigration, monetary, policies, vocational

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines religious reforms undertaken by Joseph II and looks at the related motives. The writer also evaluates how successful his reform was and what obstacles prevented the complete realization of the reform.

From the Paper
"Joseph II of Austria undertook a very extensive program of reforms. This paper will describe the religious reform undertaken by Joseph II and explain his motives for carrying out that reform. I will also evaluate how successful his reform was and what obstacles prevented the complete realization of the reform. From the historical evidence, it appears that Joseph's reforms were a waste of time. The fact is that there was no difference in the secular and religious structures from when the reforms were first started."

Tags:reforms religion, motives

Abstract
This paper describes the religious reform undertaken by Joseph II and explains his motives for carrying out that reform. It also evaluate how successful his reform was and what obstacles prevented the complete realization of the reform. In addition, the paper discusses historical evidence indicates that Joseph's reforms were a waste of time and that there was no difference in the secular and religious structures from when the reforms were first started.

Outline:
Introduction
The Reforms
Effects
Motives
Evaluation and Obstacles to Realization

From the Paper
"Joseph was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790, and he ruled over the Hapsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. He was the oldest son of the empress Maria Theresa, and was one of the enlightened monarchs. The great influences on Joseph II's education and thinking were the writings of Voltaire, the Encyclopedists, and the example of Frederick the Great. However, he used autocratic and arbitrary methods to get what he wanted (Black 255). Joseph came to strongly believe in the idea of religious toleration and believed it was important to reduce the power of the church over the people. "

Tags:Hapsburg, church, enlightenment

From the Paper
"Religion in Austria
Introduction
Although most of the nations of Europe contain members of many different religions and sects, some of them are dominated by one sort of religious practice. In many instances, the religion of the country has been a central element in the development of that country, and in the unfolding of its history.

In the case of Austria, that has clearly been the situation. Austria is now, and was during the time of the Habsburgs, a Roman Catholic country. Roman Catholicism has influenced its development until the modern era, and even beyond.

The Early History
While Austria had an early history of exposure to Christianity.."

From the Paper
"This research paper examines Austria-Hungary's degree of responsibility for the outbreak of World War I. Its thesis is that actions taken by Austria-Hungary to deal with Serbian nationalism in the decade preceding, and in the five weeks following, the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 set in motion a series of events which led to World War I. However, a number of other nations, Serbia, Germany and Russia, and, to a lesser extent, France and Great Britain, played important roles in causing that war. The origins of the war lay in the mistaken judgements of many key European statesmen and in the breakdown of the balance of power system in Europe during the decades immediately preceding 1914."

Abstract
This paper explains how the Anschluss, or the annexation of Austria to Germany, was one of the most important events in World War II. The author believes that had Hitler not taken over Austria, he would not have been able to gain as much power and domination over Europe as Austria provided the Nazis with land, people and natural resources. Annotated bibliography.

From the Paper
"Austria's land was a major advantage to the Nazi's. Though the country is not enormous in size, it's 83,858 kilometers gave Hitler land that he did not have before.(Steeb 1999, pg 2) The country, about the size of Maine made up for Germany's insignificant amount of land. The two countries together could make a much bigger empire then if they were not joined. With more land, the Nazis could take more power over Europe and expand out to other countries as well. "

Tags:third, reich, annex, WWII, nazi

Abstract
This paper presents a brief account of Austria's history, geography, and political structure, and then goes on to describe in greater detail its economy. The paper talks about Austria's GDP, its labor force, its currency, and several other factors relevant to the economy.

From the Paper
"Although Austria is a small European country in terms of GDP, area and population, it has received a remarkable growth record since the end of World War II, even when conditions were not especially favorable. Austria achieved this exemplary record of growth by concentrating on manufacturing products of the second industrial revolution, such as machine tools, chemicals, and other producer goods, and exporting them mostly to Western European countries, and especially to Germany."

Tags:republic, thomas, klestil, eu, euro, monetary, union, alps, workforce, global, economic, environments