Abstract
This paper describes the 2001 Australian Federal Elections and the challenges faced by the winning party, the Liberal Party. The issues discussed include health, defense, taxation and immigration. It gives a brief history of the party and its principle goals. The paper includes interviews with Afghan Australians and it discusses the detention centers. The paper describes how the Liberal Party plans to resolve these issues.

From the Paper
"The 2001 Australian federal elections had on its electoral list, the Liberal party, the Labor party, the National party, Australian Democrats, the Greens, the One Nation party and other smaller parties. The two major contenders were the Liberal Party winning the majority of the votes with more than 69 seats, and the Labor Party following closely with 66 seats. The smaller parties won the remaining seats."

Tags:Australia, Immigration, Liberal, Party

Abstract
This essay attempts to elucidate the impacts of immigration focusing on Australian society. First, the impact of immigration from an economic point of view is explained. This is followed by a scrutiny of the social impact of immigration and a review of the environmental impact.

Tags:immigration, impacts, economics, linguistics

Abstract
This paper examines and summarizes dozens of research studies about immigrants to Australia in the aftermath of World War II. The paper focuses on the works of social scientists -- primarily sociologists -- regarding the displaced placed persons phenomenon and its impact on Australia. The paper also looks at studies that researched the ability of these DPs to integrate into Australian society -- both at the time and over the long-term. Another study focuses on the corollaries between the DP immigration and later immigration from the Far East and Asia. Finally, the paper looks at research into the Australian governments handling of immigration and immigrant issues.

From the Paper
"Post war immigration is discussed briefly in general histories of Australia such as Crawford, Shaw and Ward. In these surveys, the reasons for Australia new immigration policy are discussed briefly, with some mention of the Displaced Persons Scheme, but in no great detail. The first thorough archival research work on the topic was conducted by Andrew Markus and in 1984 he published two articles in Labour History, the first concentrated on the development of post war immigration policy. Markus argued that prior to World War II, the Australian Labor Party opposed governmentally sponsored immigration plans on the grounds that an increased work force would strengthen the bargaining position of employers. During and immediately following the war, however, Labor endorsed immigration as a means of securing Australia's ability to defend itself and to develop the nation's resources. The second article specifically examined the Displaced Persons Scheme. Markus discussed the origins of the scheme, the reasons for its expansion and government attempts to gain the support of unions , the media and the general public. A feature of Markus's work is his detailed use of the Department of Immigration files. Markus pioneered the use of this important archival resource. Markus's articles were followed by longer studies in the late 1980s. In 1988 Glenda Sluga's work on Bonegilla was published."

Tags:displaced, persons, scheme, immigrant, survivors, Holocaust, Eastern, Europe, integration, assimilation

Abstract
This paper takes a look into the true definition of a refugee and the Australian government's stance on 'boat people' - also referred to as asylum seekers - and their policy on unauthorised arrivals. Mention is made of the condition of Australia's detention centres, and some of the conundrums faced when determining the fate of illegal immigrants. Is it fair to give a place reserved for a genuine refugee to those who do not come via established means? Additionally, the paper looks at the everyday Australian's view on multiculturalism with reference to imagined communities and the old White Australia Policy. Clearly the influx of refugees has changed the way Australians view themselvs as a nation and led many people to re-examine Australia?s cultural and social makeup.

From the Paper
"As Australians, we have all been touched by the recent refugee crisis in some way or another, with an increased influx of asylum seekers coming to our shores over the last few years. Indeed it is a human tragedy that people can be so desperate to flee their homeland that they are willing to travel thousands of kilometres across land and sea, eventually culminating in a "passage of terror" on an unsafe boat that more than likely would be carrying three to four times the normal number of passengers. The arrival of these "boat people" has caused of a division within our society - those who are accommodating to the fact that these people have fled their county and should be allowed to stay, and those who believe that an influx of so called "illegal" refugees will lead to a perceived loss of national identity - who want them to be sent back where they came from if no sufficient enough reason is forthcoming. The plight of international refugees is a cause for global concern, however understanding the key issues can be difficult for those with little background knowledge."

Tags:asylum, centres, community, culture, detention, immigrants, multicultural, seekers

Abstract
This paper assess the provision of resources families who are new immigrants or refugees to Australia and provides a rationale for the needs for these families. Literature about the adult migrant English program (AMEP), the child support agency, the early intervention parenting program, the families first CaLD perinatal project and the
strength to strength (STS) family relationships program is presented. The author indicates the strengths and weaknesses of these services.

Table of Contents:
Objective
The Adult Migrant English Program (AMEP)
The Child Support Agency
Early Intervention Parenting Program
Families First CaLD Perinatal Project
Strength to Strength (STS) Family Relationships Program

From the Paper
"The Child Support Agency announced a change based on a December 2003 government inquiry regarding child custody arrangements in cases of family separations. During 2004, the Australian Government is stated to have formed a Ministerial Taskforce on Child Support and Reference Group, which is an independent organization for the review of the Child Support Scheme. A report entitled: "In the Best Interests of Children - Reforming the Child Support Scheme" reports the findings of the task force. "

Tags:tuition, pressures, humanitarian, interagency, skills

Abstract
This paper focuses on the recent changes that altered Australia's Constitution to include rules of citizenship. The paper explains that some people have begun to question the constitution's relevancy in today's world. The paper gives a brief history of Australian citizenship, and presents the arguments for and against keeping citizenship conventional. The paper also discusses Australia's alliance to Britain, including how immigration and citizenship may lead to republicanism. The paper acknowledges that there is a constant debate about whether the Constitution should be amended to include citizenship, but concludes that amending the Constitution to include citizenship is necessary to provide a democratic society to our future generations.

From the Paper
"As of late, there has been a lot of media coverage regarding refugees. A portion of this is misleading or biased. Thus a stigma has been attached to these so-called 'boat people'. A number of asylum seekers make their way to Australia every year. Since Federation, there has been 740, 000 refugee migrant settlers. 'Alien' is the term referred to when describing someone who is not a 'British subject, an Irish citizen, or a protected person.' . However, it has been argued that 'The civic identity of Australia as a law-respecting, liberal-democratic society includes all the people who live here-denizens as well as citizens'. By including citizenship in the Constitution, the people's rights would be recognised. One would hope that the migrants to Australia would be regarded as citizens and included in the amended sections. A large number of Australian born citizens would disagree with that statement. The Australian public has many concerns as to whether or not; they would suffer job losses, their individual rights would be stripped and whether or not the safety within their community would be breached. The topic of national security would however, have to be addressed by the drafters who included new sections in the Constitution regarding citizenship."

Tags:refugees, immigration

Abstract
This paper examines how the history of the Australian family is a history of change in the economic and instrumental organization of family life and in patterns of authority and relationships. It analyzes how family life in Australia has changed over the last two hundred years. Since Australia was formerly a British colony, it also include details about the family life of original inhabitants and social as well as economic changes brought in by free settlers and immigrants.

Outline
What is a Family?
Introduction
Aboriginal Families
Colonial Australia ? Convicts Era and Early Immigrants
Early Twentieth Century - Urbanization and Industrialization
Suburbans and Families ? After World War II
Twentieth Century
Conclusion

From the Paper
"By the 1970s, the prototypical nuclear family had yielded somewhat to modified structures including the one-parent family, stepfamilies and the childless family. One-parent families in the past were usually the result of the death of a spouse. Burns revealed that lone-parent families were rather common in the nineteenth century and continued into the twentieth century (Burns et al 1983, p.60). Now, however, most one-parent families are the result of divorce, although some are created when unmarried mothers bear children. In 1991, more than one out of four children lived with only one parent, usually the mother and most one-parent families, however, eventually became two-parent families through remarriage (Australian Bureau of Census and Statistics, 1991)."

Tags:urbanization, industrialization, immigrants, aborigines

Abstract
This paper looks at the concept of childhood as it relates to contemporary Australian society. It looks at the problems children in Australia are facing, and how the nature of Australian society is changing due to immigration.

From the Paper
"There is increasing evidence of a failure of children to adapt to the pressures of adult society, and this is being blamed for the increase in problems with mental health addiction and criminal behavior. (Vimpani, Patton and Hayes ND) It is believed the children have difficulty in adjusting to changes taking place in the family and in society, and that the differences due to differing socioeconomic conditions have effects which have an impact through environmental experiences, including such things as stress, parenting and nutrition which bring about a..."

Tags:childhood, Australian contemporary society, immigration

Abstract
The paper describes how Australia relies heavily on immigration and tourism to achieve population and economic growth. The paper discusses, however, how the number of unauthorized asylum seekers increased to the point that the country felt that it could not control society anymore. The paper examines whether there truly is a need to control asylum seekers and concludes that the Australian government is currently having an exaggerated moral panic. The paper disagrees with the government's use of the issue of deviance or social norms because this has only triggered racial discrimination and labeling among the white Australians.

Outline:
Introduction
Immigration and/or Asylum Seekers in Australia
The Reaction of the People
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Australia is also one of the signatories the Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol, which prove that Australia welcomes and has properly resettlement areas for asylum seekers. Since these agreements were signed, "Australia has resettled large numbers of refugees and other persons of humanitarian concern from overseas camps". However, unlike other countries such as the US, Australia's record of asylum refugees was not that large thereby enabling the Australian government to have a direct and tight control over all aspect of immigration programs - such as social policies - concerning the asylum seekers (Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1967)."

Tags:deviance, stereotyping, immigration, refugees, illegal

Abstract
This paper explores the issue of prostitution and explains that it has always been intrinsically linked to and shaped by broader sexual attitudes, practices and cultures. The paper specifically explores the history of sexuality and prostitution within an Australian context. For instance, in approximately two hundred years of European settlement, prostitution has been affected extensively by factors such as demographic patterns, class and gender biases, immigration, race and age biases and economic and social crises. This essay outlines the dominant factors responsible for shaping prostitution, while including references to legislative initiatives that sought to regulate and control prostitution and which were, in themselves, a reflection of societal attitudes.

From the Paper
"The first major factor affecting prostitution is changing demographic patterns, reflected in the type of clientele, services demanded, and reasons for the need of prostitutes. During the convict era, and later colonial period, the numerical predominance of males was considered a serious problem. As men outnumbered women six to one until the 1840s, the authorities believed that, "without a sufficient proportion of that sex [female] it is well known that it would be impossible to preserve the settlement from gross irregularities and disorders." These disorders included homosexual contact, or sodomy which was an offense, "against the order of nature," according to the prevailing sexual mores of the time, and the risk of rebellion if male lusts were not satiated."

Tags:gender, sex, society, media, women, men