Abstract The purpose of this paper is to inform readers about McDonald's in Australia's international history, product line and marketing environment. This paper takes an in-depth look at several aspects of this company, including its competition, environmental factors, the variance of products between the United States and Australia, pricing, and promotional materials and tactics.
From the Paper "The first McDonalds franchise was opened in Des Plains, Illinois in 1954 by a man named Ray Kroc. Ray was familiar with the McDonald brother's operation in California. He liked the simplicity of their menu, which included burgers, fries, soft drinks, and milkshakes. At the time, the McDonald's brothers were not planning on expanding their business. Ray Kroc saw the great potential of this type of restaurant and propositioned the two brothers. He wanted their permission to open a similar operation and agreed to pay them .05% of revenues. They accepted his offer and McDonald's stores began to take off! By 1960, Kroc had already opened 200 McDonald's restaurants throughout the United States by franchising out the McDonald's name to local entrepreneurs. In 1961, Kroc bought the McDonald brothers out for 3 million dollars, and by 1965, the company was public and now named McDonald's Corporation. Today, McDonald's has restaurants on 6 continents and in 120 countries. The total amounts to over 20,000 restaurants and serves about 28 million people daily. (http://www.mcdonalds.com.au/home/)"
This paper interprets the term terra nullius as the acquisition of land which belongs to no one and examines how Britain claimed ownership of Australia.
Abstract The writer of this paper defines terra nullius as a legal acquisition of land and delves into its significant impact on Australia. It is under this particular definition of legal land acquisition that Britain claimed ownership of Australia. This paper discusses in historic detail how terra nullius affected many aspects of Australian society both in negative and positive ways.
From the Paper "What needs to be realized is that this original land claim was based on a violation of international law. The land claimed by the British would not fall under the concept of terra nullius because aboriginal tribes were in possession of the land. The land did not "belong to no one" and there were ownership claims to the territory albeit based on heritage rather than British law. The natives of the land were pushed off of ancestral lands at the cost of lives and lifestyle. Therefore, British colonization and later Australian sovereign rule is based entirely upon false claims and violations of recognized international law."
Abstract This paper explores regional development in Canada and Australia. It summarizes some of the main characteristics of regional development policy in Australia and in Canada and provides an example from each which highlights a major difference.
From the Paper "Canada and Australia have many things in common making the differences between these two countries even more striking. For example both nations are large and resource rich. Both nations have relatively small ..."
Tags: canada, australia, regional development policies, government intervention, wealth redistribution, global economy, competitiveness
Abstract The paper outlines the issues of the greenhouse effect in Australia. The paper gives group and individual viewpoints on the subject, listing proposed options that might solve this problem. The paper further examines how Australia relates to the international community on this issue. The writer concludes with a personal opinion as to the best solution to this problem.
From the Paper "The Australian Government (2005), in an effort to better battle further environmental damage to its land, either by its own actions or through the actions of others, acknowledges that for the last several years and decades, "the national and international focus has predominantly been on strategies to reduce greenhouse emissions," and that despite its own readiness to fix the environment, there has been on the part of others "an unwillingness to devote serious attention to adaptation strategies." The problems which the Australian Government (2005) has identified and begun to battle have resulted in such environmental and weather effects as "an increase in annual national average temperatures..., more heatwaves and fewer frosts..., more frequent El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events..., reductions in average rainfall and run-off..., more severe wind speeds in cyclones..., an increase in severe weather events..., and a change in ocean currents.""
Abstract This paper presents a general analysis of the impact tourism development has on regional areas, both positive and negative. It uses regional Australia as an example to analyze the situation in more detail. It explains positive ecnomic developments but occasional negative social effects.
From the Paper "In recent decades, regional Australia has unquestionably been suffering from a downturn in both population and facilities (Hall, 1998, p 272). Whilst the reasons for this are many and varied, they are mostly outside the scope of this essay and thus will not be discussed here. However, it is the resultant state of this situation which highlights the benefits of tourism development to regional Australia. An increase in the urbanisation of Western society, Australia included, is responsible for the shrinkage of the agrarian society and consequent downturn in the fortunes of regional areas (Sharpley, 1999, p 285). Thus tourism development in regional Australia stimulates regional development as it promotes economic growth and employment generation. However, whilst this is the case, there are also factors that are preventing the occurrence of the tourism development of regional Australia. I will firstly discuss the benefits of regional tourism development in greater detail before proceeding with the discussion of the preventative factors."
Abstract This paper examines the systems of management and authority practiced in Australia with regard to organic farming. In order to be considered a registered organic farmer, strict rules need to be followed. This paper discusses these regulations and interviews individual farmers about their reactions and attitudes.
From the Paper "The attitudes that prevail in organic farming in Australia are not surprising if we look to other work on broad dimensions of Australian culture, dimensions that we should certainly expect to see reflected in management style. One such index to cultural dimensions that is widely used is Hofstede's dimensions. Hofstede created a quantitative method for measuring aspects of culture that extend widely across different arenas such as a value for individualism as opposed to collectivism and "masculine" as opposed to "feminine" traits."
Abstract This paper compares the U.S.A. to Australia in terms of items that can be bought in either place and puts them into a graphical representation. The paper gives a reason for doing the research on the two countries combined.
From the Paper "I selected each country because I thought it would be interesting to compare the United States of America to Australia since the USA is enormous when compared to Australia in land size. In addition, I thought it would be fascinating to see the prices associated with goods and services in Australia compared to the U.S. since Australia is an island completely surrounded by water. The USA, however, has neighboring countries of Canada and Mexico. Also, I thought it would be intriguing to see the percentage of income each item costs. I learned that, although Australia is much smaller than the USA and water locked, its prices are just about equivalent to the USA's as is shown in Figure 1. As you can see, if you purchased the same goods and services in Australia and the USA, the total amount is almost entirely the same even though the per capita income is much lower in Australia than in the USA. Figure 2 shows a graphical representation of these figures. "
Tags: cost, living, income, per, capita, australia, america
Abstract This paper explains social and structural barriers that confront women because of child-rearing practices. The author reviews Australia's labor market and how it relates to women. The paper examines discriminatory practices.
From the Paper "The role of women in society has expanded considerably over the past century. Less than a hundred years ago, women in the United States which purports to be the most democratic nation in the world were not allowed to vote. Today women in the developed world including Australia ..."
Tags: women's rights, childrearing, workforce participation, Australia, social constructs
Abstract This paper elucidates on the history of Australia highlighting the challenges and how the country was able to curb them in a successful manner. Australia's relations with the United States during the twentieth century, the Australian monetary system, the Commonwealth Bank and the problem of Australian national debt are looked into for a better understanding of the economic, strategic and political stance in the twentieth century. The success of the Australian Commonwealth bank is analyzed as being the prime success of the Australian economy, while the problem of national debt is looked at as a major crisis occurring in the otherwise glorious century in Australian history. Following is a comprehensive analysis that acquaints the reader with the weaknesses and strengths of Australia.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Historical Background
Australia and United States Relationship in the Twentieth Century
The Commonwealth Bank and Australian Monetary System
Central Bank 1920-60
Downside of Australia: Constitutional Crisis of 1975 and Problem of National Debt:
Role of USA in Resolving the Crisis:
Issue of National Debt
Conclusion
From the Paper "The new federation quickly moved towards the institutionalization of its economic and socio-political and industrial revampment for the perusal of prosperity. What followed was governance that gained popularity for its liberal legislation.
Australia immediately instituted high protective tariffs in order to restrain competition to Australian infant industry. This gave a major head start to the Australian industrial development, a form of supplementation for the infant industry to develop without facing any unhealthy competitions until its ready for the world market. In the next two decades many important enactments were ratified. Most notably, Pacific Island Laborer's Act 1901, Immigration restriction Act 1901, Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902, Judiciary Act 1903, Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904, Supreme Court Ordinance no. 9 of 1911, Commonwealth Electoral Act 1924 and Belfour Declaration 1926. In fact, the two decades of legal formulation serve as a milestone of Australian development as an industry, society, government and economy. The Laborer's Act of 1901 was enacted to deport a vast majority of the Pacific Islanders by December 1907."
Abstract This paper discusses how although Australia is in essence a democratic society which subscribes to the democratic principle of government by the people for the people, there are some areas of Australia that can be improved to make Australia more democratic. It focuses on two of these areas: the whistle-blowing system and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation's ability to publicise scientific information or opinions on government policy issues. The paper argues that by altering the current state of these areas, Australia could become more democratic. It does this by explaining why these areas are important in the building or maintenance of democracy in Australia, how they are being threatened and what could be done to eliminate these threats and change these areas into their potential democratic base.
From the Paper "It has recently been found that the Australian Government has been censoring the publication of scientific information. Specifically; scientific information related to policy-issues such as greenhouse gas emission targets and environmental refugees. These allegations were aired on ABCs television show 4 corners and claimed senior Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) scientists have been regularly gagged by the government from commenting on such issues. This information came from senior CSIRO scientists who have also explained that the threat of reduced funding was the strategy used in stopping them from speaking out. Scientific censorship of any sort by the government is a serious breach of democratic principles. "
Abstract In order to make a judgement of the physics viability of nuclear power as an energy source for Australia, this paper explains how nuclear energy is produced, disposed of, sourced, and maintained in light of Australia's unique environment and population distribution. The paper discusses the efficiency of using nuclear energy as well as Australia's huge availability of uranium and its ample waste storage space. The paper concludes that nuclear energy is definitely a viable method of energy for Australia but recommends that stringent laws and regulations be made to enforce adequate training of nuclear staff to minimise the risk of disasters. The paper includes a diagram of how nuclear power is produced and a map of mining locations in Australia.
From the Paper "Nuclear energy is generated by the fission of the uranium 235 isotope. U-235 is the ideal fuel for power generation because it is able to sustain a chain reaction and release energy. Uranium for fuelling nuclear generators is mined in Australia as low-grade ore. Only 0.3% of this ore is pure uranium, and after crushing, chemical treatment and concentration, only 0.7% of this residual is the required U-235 isotope. In order to ensure an induced chain reaction is sustainable, this nuclear fuel needs to be enriched (i.e. concentrated) so that the U-235 concentration is approximately 5%. (Rapkins, Rossiter, Walding, 1999)"
Abstract This paper discusses the foreign policy of Australia and how Australia clearly plays a very important part as a political actor in regional and international politics. It specifically discusses how Australia's foreign policy has influenced its image as a middle power and also how its middle power status has influenced Australia's foreign policy. The paper also defines Australia's role as a middle power.
From the Paper "After 9/11, the alliance between Australia and U.S was even further tightened as Australia showed its full commitment in supporting the war initiated by the U.S. Australian officials have made it clear ever since that the decisions of their government will take into consideration the decisions of its allies and will follow these decisions. The middle power status makes it impossible for Australia to define its foreign policy without taking into consideration the initiatives of its allies, especially those of Great Britain or the U.S. As a middle power, Australia must constantly develop friendly relations with other nations, first of all on the basis of security reasons. A close cooperation with greater powers assures Australia more security and this is the most important thing in international relations."
Abstract This paper contends that, although Australia is in essence a democratic society, there are areas of Australia that can be improved to make Australia more democratic. The paper focuses on two of these areas: Australia's whistle-blowing system and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation's ability to publicise scientific information or opinions on government policy issues. The paper explains why these areas are important in the building or maintenance of democracy in Australia, how they are being threatened and what could be done to improve these functions to create a more democratic country.
From the Paper "Whistle blowing is important to democracy in Australia. Whistle blowing is the act of disclosing immoral, illegitimate or illegal practices of an organization, by a member of the organization, to persons that may be able to effect action. When whistle-blowing is applied to government entities and their agencies, it provides a system of ensuring public accountability of governments. It does this by allowing the exposure of corruption, dishonesty or improper conduct of any government on any level of government. This is important to democracy in Australia because public government accountability is a key factor in democracy. Without government accountability, the people would be given a less-than-true impression of their government. By virtue of its nature, whistle-blowing is an indirect avenue for government criticism. Freedom to express criticism of a government and to do so without fear of reprisal (or simple freedom of speech for that matter) is also paramount to a healthy democracy."
Tags: whistle-blowing, government, accountability, science, research
Abstract This essay details Australian colonization (beginning with the First Fleet in 1788) and settlement by the British through to the early 1900s. It examines the changing relationship between the two countries after WWII. Post WWII, the USA took over from Britain as the biggest investor in Australia and thereafter, Australia's political allegiance changed to the US. The relationship between Britain and Australia is still extraordinarily strong, but it is not the same relationship that existed for so long during Australia's early years under European settlement. The essay looks at the present-day economic, political and cultural ties between the two countries.
From the Paper "What have been the most important historical features of the relationship between Australia and Britain? How important is the Australia-Britain relationship for Australia today? How important is the Australia-Britain relationship for Britain today? Colonization of Australia by Britain began in 1788, officially to set up a penal colony but also to establish a trading base in the Pacific. It started with the arrival of the First Fleet of about 250 marines and 730 convicts at Port Jackson, and the establishment of Sydney Town and the colony of New South Wales."
Abstract The indigenous people of Australia have inhabited the land for over 40,000 years making Australia's indigenous people one of the oldest cultures in the world. It was through 200 years of colonization that indigenous Australian's experienced the decimation and eradication of their people and culture through the process of assimilation. This paper looks at how Australia as a nation is taking responsibility for the injustices that indigenous people have injured with the development of reconciliation. It examines how the citizens of Australia are coming together working towards breaking down the barriers, which have segregated and alienated Indigenous people from society. It also examines how all Australians are being encouraged to be part of the solution rather than the problem to reunite differences through acceptance and acknowledgement and education.
From the Paper "Reconciliation in Australia is about welcoming, acknowledging and understanding Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. 'Reconciliation is about the merging of two versions of the past, bringing together two perspectives of one history' (Grattan, M 2000 p.8). It's through the process of understanding that Australians learn about the Indigenous peoples interpretation of Australia through their culture for example the beauty behind the Dreamtime that explains how the spirit ancestors who roamed the earth to create the landforms, which are the centenals of our existence. There is a wealth of knowledge and thousands of years of proven environmental and ecological diversity and harmony, which Non-indigenous Australian's could acknowledge, respect and learn. Reconciliation can be the gateway with which all Australians benefit."
