Abstract
This paper explains the defects of Austin's concept of law as command, making note of his time and background events and experiences. The paper explores how Hart's 20th century influence and ideas reflected a vastly changed British society no longer beset by mass illiteracy, immense class gaps or the legacy of social and political anarchy observed. The paper asserts that in effect, one is comparing apples and oranges in discussing Austin's relation to Hart as indicates the importance of social context to positivist law.

From the Paper
"Law is essentially neutral in that individual laws need be neither good nor bad, Nazi Germany and other tyrannical regimes having had their legal frameworks explaining and also justifying terrible abuses. This seems the main consideration to weaken John Austin's command theory of law. In "The Province of Jurisprudence Determined of 1832", Austin reasoned that all questions of jurisprudence were instances of positive law, in that laws were set by political superiors for political inferiors. (In Dimock 37) This concept seems important given that Britain in the early 1830s had..."

Tags:austin, hart, legal positivism

Abstract
The paper looks at how Austin argues that the existence of law is distinct from its merit or demerit, but notes that at the same time, Austin created an intellectual trap by relying on divine commands as the standard for human commands as well as obligation being a consideration of consequences. The paper discusses how his command theory of law is therefore based, as he argues it, on an authoritarian system of punishment which is fully justified by God. The paper then explains that Hart's main correction of Austin is to regard law as a system of social rules where obligation is rational and free. The paper shows how Hart's empirical approach to law as it functions in society clarifies and greatly expands the concept of command or obligation as Austin presented it.

From the Paper
"Austin supports the separation thesis by arguing that the existence of law is distinct from its merit or demerit. At the same time, Austin created an intellectual trap by relying on divine commands as the standard for human commands as well as obligation being a consideration of consequences. His command theory of law is therefore based, as he argues it, on an authoritarian system of punishment which is fully justified by God. Hart's main correction of Austin is to regard law as a system of social rules where obligation is rational and free. Hart's empirical approach to law as..."

Tags:law, obligation, approach

Abstract
This paper explains that the film "Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery" was inspired by a slew of sixties spy movies including the James Bond films. The author points out that most of Mike Myers inspiration came from the spy spoofs "Helm Series" produced by Columbia Pictures and loosely based on Donald Hamilton's novels. The paper explains that, in the part described by the author, the producers purposely switched the female character with a male character just after Austin hits the woman, setting the stage for the classic good versus evil theme of the film. The author underscores that the costumes play a huge role in the film with Austin dressing a bit on the feminine side, unlike the masculine 007 Sean Connery. The paper concludes that the film seems to reinforce stereotypes of men and woman in both space and time.

From the Paper
"The scene I will look at is at the five minute and 18 second mark. It is in the beginning of the second chapter. The atmosphere is electric because Austin is at a club called the Electric Psychedelic Pussycat Swingers Club. Pink Floyd himself would be proud of the colors mixed in at the club. Lighting is very high for a club. The only effects are the different colors and shapes of light to signify a psychedelic mind-tripping club, which was typical in the sixties. The music was The Strawberry Alarm Clock "Incense and Peppermints" which are from southern California and was popular in 1967."

Tags:photographer, altercation, sex symbol, close-up shots, costume

Abstract
This paper provides a brief history of several of the founders of Austin and the influence they had on the area. The paper traces the beginnings of the development of the area from the early seventeen hundreds when Isidro de Espinosa set out to try and influence the Texas Indians with Christianity. It explores the story of Stephen Fuller Austin, who settled the area in the early eighteen hundreds with other families who shared his dream of farming the land. Other founders discussed are Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar who became President of Texas and Edwin Waller, the first mayor of Austin, Texas.

From the Paper
"Much work still needed to be done once the city was established; that is where Edwin Waller came in. Born on Nov. 4, 1800, Waller was another important figure in Austin's past. Casey M. Weaver states that Waller became the first mayor of the city of Austin (Weaver). He was in charge of surveying the land, selling lots, and getting public buildings built all around Austin. President Lamar appointed Waller the postmaster general of the Republic of Texas (Weaver). He was elected Chief Justice of Austin County in 1844, and re-elected in 1852 and 1854. "Waller fathered seven children, and moved back to Austin to live with one of his daughters a few months before his death in January 1881" (Weaver). In Texas, there is a town, a country, and are at least two creeks named after Edwin Waller (Weaver)."

Tags:Entrada, Baron, de, Bastrop, Barton, Springs

Abstract
This paper explores Jane Austin's view of Romantic and Enlightenment ideals through her characters in her novel, "Sense and Sensibility". The paper argues that Jane Austin is not anti-Romantic; she believes that Romanticism and Enlightenment ideals are equally important in living one's life. The paper shows how she illustrates this idea through her characters and their situations in the novel.

From the Paper
"Willoughby's embracement of his romantic lifestyle leads him to acting without moral restraint, as a libertine, and eventually to his eternal torment. Austen leaves Willoughby not as a villain but as someone she wants the reader to pity. Though he does represent emotion without reason he is also a victim of it. His lack of reason and moderation and his overindulgence in sensibility lead him where Austen believes the Romantic ideals alone could lead humanity. With this character Austen shows that unrestrained emotions and passions are dangerous and will lead humanity back into pre-Enlightenment thought."

Tags:Marianne, Elinor, Colonel, Brandon, John, Willoughby

Abstract
This paper links the dark vision of Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" to the fripperies of Jane Austen by showing that these writers can be seen as important bookmarks to the era of the modern novel. We cannot understand Conrad's work without understanding its connections to his time. The paper shows that by looking back to a writer like Austen, we can see how much has changed in the world at large and in the world of the novel during the Victorian era and the ways in which authors had begun to lose faith in the power of language to represent, to contain and to describe language. The paper argues that we cannot understand Conrad's relationship to language without understanding the larger context within which literature was created and consumed. The era from the coronation of Queen Victoria in 1837 until her death in 1901, was an era of a number of key social changes that would force writers to take clear positions on issues of immediate importance to the rest of society. The paper shows, therefore, that we see very little social criticism in Austen - whose "Pride and Prejudice" was written 20 years before Victoria ascended the throne - and almost exclusively social comment in Conrad's story, published in 1902, the year after Victoria died. But even as writers began to become engaged more and more in the world at large, they became increasingly aware of the fact that language is of limited use in effecting change. The paper shows that for a writer like Austen, the power of language had only to carry a plot and characters; for Conrad language had to have to have the ability to transform the world. It is thus hardly surprising that Austen should find language adequate to her desires and her needs and that Conrad should find it inadequate.

From the Paper
"Conrad throughout this book implies that civilizations are created by the setting of laws and codes that encourage people to achieve higher standards that civilization and social bonds compel us to act out our better selves. The institutions of communal and civilized life act as dams, as bulwarks to prevent humans from reverting back to their darker tendencies, which they will do as soon as they are left alone or loosed from the constraints of their own societies, an element essential to much of colonial thought, as Back and Solomos (2000) suggest. Conrad suggests, through his insistence on the primacy of metaphor, that language cannot be counted on to be one of those civilizing bonds. When a writer can no longer count on language to provide an anchor in the world, we recognize that we are entering the rocky waters of modernism."

Tags:imperialism, colonialization, Kurtz, Marlow

Abstract
This paper, written by a Japanese student studying at an American college, talks about his friendships in the U.S. and his interest in immunology. The paper focuses on a particular friendship and his ultimate goal of receiving his Ph.D. from Stanford Medical School.

From the Paper
"Ann said hardly a word to me all year. Although she was in at least two of my classes each semester since I started at UTSA, I think that maybe Ann felt a little intimidated by me. Ann is an all-American college student, a woman from a small town Kentucky who had never left the greater forty-eight. The farthest place she had been to away from her home town was Los Angeles. On the other hand, I hailed from far-off Japan, a country she had probably only read about and seen pictures of on television or books. Because Ann was a science student and not a geography buff, I wondered in fact if she even knew where my home country was on a world map."

Tags:research, female, classmates, lab, ideal, discussions, academic, needs, social, experiences

From the Paper
"A Passion for Excellence by Tom Peters and Nancy Austin seeks to advance the work begun in the book, In Search of Excellence, which Tom Peters co-wrote in 1982. The approach is similar. The authors present their observations, and punctuate these with anecdotes from business and industry, using real company names and real individuals' names. This research examines the thrust of A Passion for Excellence and evaluates its usefulness as a guide to management in the 1990s.
A Passion for Excellence is divided into five sections: common sense, customers, innovation, people and leadership. The fact that the book begins with a section on common sense is no accident, but rather careful planning on the part of the authors. In fact, they hold that the common sense advice they give apparently isn't so common, "or more would practice it" (4)."

Abstract
The paper discusses Austin's thesis that globalization has profoundly changed nursing ethics. The paper looks at Austin's three key health issues of advances in biotechnology and their potential, the demands of equity and justice related to the allocation of global resources and the need for a universal ethic that accounts for diverse values. The paper comments on the strengths and weaknesses of the article.

Outline:
Key Ideas
Strengths and Weaknesses
Impact on My Thinking

From the Paper
"Austin's (2001) thesis is that globalization has profoundly changed nursing ethics because of the shift to a global frame of reference as opposed to an international one. We now live in a global community with entirely new issues from the past. As a result of living in a global village, we experience a new immediacy that essentially erases political borders. "We watch war, famine, epidemics, and the sufferings of the poor a continent away 'live' from our homes" (Austin, 2002, p. 2). Such immediacy changes the scope of our moral concern. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the implications of this alteration in the scope of moral concern."

Tags:biotechnology, global, resources, justice, poverty, universal, ethic, values

Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the book, 'The Land of Little Rain' by Mary Austin. According to the paper, Austin's book is an observer's unique tale of deserts, plains and mountains in California. The paper further discusses how the author talks about the Country of Lost Borders and Ute, Paiute, Mojave, and Shoshone that lie on its frontiers.

From the Paper
"Some of the lines are indeed useful and informative. If I am a reader who is actually interested in visiting the place myself, then the chapter includes bits of wisdom and information that I might find highly useful. When the author explains why deaths are common in this place, she writes about illusions that desert creates and the effect it has on a thirsty traveler. Austin observes: "There are many areas in the desert where drinkable water lies within a few feet of the surface, indicated by the mesquite and the bunch grass (Sporobolus airoides). It is this nearness of unimagined help that makes the tragedy of desert deaths....To underestimate one's thirst, to pass a given landmark to the right or left, to find a dry spring where one looked for running water--there is no help for any of these things." This is a vital piece of information and might help an aspiring traveler in his desire to come back from the place unscathed."

Tags:deserts, plains, mountains, lifelessness, death, water, California