Abstract
This paper compares the different styles of poetry exhibited by Augustan poets and poets from the "Graveyard School". The paper focuses on Dryden and Swift as examples of Augustan poets and Finch and Gray as examples of poets from the "Graveyard School". The paper looks at the three main qualities of each style of poetry and then uses examples from the poetry to compare and contrast those styles.

From the Paper
"Secondly, both Finch and Gray use notions that reflect a Tudor revival. Finch makes a direct reference to Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice when she repeats: "In such a night?" which echoes the same repeated phrase in the night piece that opens act V of The Merchant of Venice, when Jessica and Lorenzo are having a lover's duel talking about tragic love stories. Also, Finch uses nature imagery, like Gray, which was a tactic that Shakespeare was famous for. By using Renaissance-like styles, the two poets suggest a desire for a lost age, one that was more innocent, pure, and free of cynical, experience-obsessed poets like Swift."

Tags:urban, perspective, literature, national, institution, london, ethic, engagement, nature, innocence, renaissance, disengagement

Abstract
During the Augustan Period, Rome was a cultural center of the Mediterranean. Authors were writing about the glories and the exploits of Rome under the rule of Caesar Augustus. Augustus was originally known as Octavian (the son of Julius Caesar's niece, and the brother of Octavia, Antony's wife) who declared war on Cleopatra and Antony.

From the Paper
Name of Student Name of Professor Name of Course February 22, 2008 Literature and Prolific Writers in the Augustan Period Introduction During the Augustan Period, Rome was a cultural center of the Mediterranean. Authors were writing about the glories and the exploits of Rome under the rule of Caesar Augustus. Augustus was originally known as Octavian (the son of Julius Caesar's niece, and the brother of Octavia, Antony's wife) who declared war on Cleopatra and Antony. Octavian/Augustus

Tags:ovid, livy, virgil

Abstract
This paper discusses how, following his consolidation of power within the remains of the Roman Republican political system, Augustus attempted to ensure the stability of his imperiate in 18 B.C.E. by economically incentivizing traditional Roman morals among the Roman populace. It examines how he established two laws, promoting marriage and procreation in the "lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus" and morality in the l"ex Iulia de adulteriis coercendis". It also looks at how the ordering of women figures so importantly in this social contract for two interconnected reasons, how the incentives of the Augustan social contract lured women to marriage, and second, how the deterrents of the laws against remaining unmarried similarly lured women to marriage.

From the Paper
"Marriages declined, it seemed to Augustus, as a result of this widespread, societal moral failing. Augustus himself sought to stop this wave of immorality by confronting the equites. In Augustus' Legislation on Morals, Augustus is quoted chastising unmarried members of the equites: "for you see for yourselves how much more numerous you are than the married men, when you" should have produced numerous offspring by now. With a falling off in marriage comes a falling off in child production. "that with many dying all the time by disease and many in war it is impossible for the city to maintain itself, unless its population" continually supplied it with a steady supply of offspring. Augustus's urgings were futile attempts to bring about a change he needed something more."

Tags:augustus, iulia, julia, lex, maritandis, ordinibus, marriage

Abstract
The paper considers the role played by the Forum Augusti in shaping Roman opinion towards the Augustan regime. The paper considers in-depth the five key figures in the Forum: Aenas, Romulus, Mars, Venus and Caesar and considers how the Forum links the mythology of these figures and how it interacts with other significant monuments such as the Ara Pacis Augustae.

Table of Contents:
Section I - The Imagery of the Forum Augusti
1) Origins and Intentions
2) Physical Layout
3) Mars
4) Venus
5) Divus Julius
6) Romulus
7) Aeneas
Section II - The Imagery of the Forum in the Wider Context
8) Wider Origins and Intentions of Augustan Monuments
9) Aeneas and Romulus on the Ara Pacis Augustae
Section III - Conclusions
10) The Role of the Forum Augusti in the Augustan Foundation Myth
11) Pax Augusta
12) Divine Destiny and the Forum Augusti
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"This paper aims to investigate the roles of the mythological figures present in the Forum Augusti, their purpose as individuals and groups, and what they reveal about the aims of the Augustan use of mythological imagery. Also, how the imagery of the Augustan Forum compares with other important public building, notably the Ara Pacis and to conclude on how typical the figures and the use they are put to in the Forum is of the Augustan religious and mythological imagery on monuments at Rome. From these conclusions an assessment of the significance of the Forum Augustus as a piece of Propaganda shall be attempted, considering what, if any, unique purpose it serves. Focus will be on the key figures of Mars, Venus, Aeneas and Romulus and will attempt to consider the significance of the use of Divus Julius imager more fully than has generally occurred so far, drawing conclusions as to the relationship between the Forum of Augustan and the wider Augustan use of imagery as present in other significant buildings.
"Suetonius records the Forum Augusti was built 'because the two already in existence could not deal with the recent great increase in the number of lawsuits.....which is why it was hurriedly opened even before the Temple of Mars Ultor was completed.' The forum had long been at the heart of Rome and Augustus' Forum, dedicated in 2B.C. was intended to be no different and the senate's decisions to hold meetings discussing military matters within the main showpiece of the Forum Augusti, the Temple of Mars Ultor , brought even more activity to the Roman fora. The Forum Augusti certainly achieved what in Vitruvius' opinion was the purpose of all public buildings, enhancing the grandeur of the empire. Pliny the elder would refer to the Forum Augusti as a 'mirabile forum divi Augusti' and it certainly seems to have left its mark as one of the wonders of Rome. However, it would be naive to say the least if one was to assume that the main purpose of the Forum Augusti was the necessity of business, or even a desire to add to the visual splendour of Rome, for the Forum Augusti is full of interconnected religious and mythological imagery, and it was erected by Augustus on private land, as he records in the Res Gestae; 'In privato solo Martis Ultoris templum forumque Augustum ex manibiis feci.' "

Tags:aeneas, forum, mars, propaganda, rome, romulus, venus

Abstract
In this article, the writer analyses the characters of the rake and the coquette, as depicted in Restoration drama and Augustan literature. The writer discusses that on the surface, the authors seem to be promoting licentiousness and knavery through these characters. However, according to the writer, it is also possible to view these depictions as reactionary to Puritanism, and therefore defining the emergence of a new age. Thus, the rake and the coquette, as depicted in Restoration drama and Augustan literature, are not true villains, but have a sympathetic aspect. The works studied are Wycherley's 'The Country Wife' and Pope's "The Rape of the Lock".

From the Paper
"To call such figures anti-heroes would be too simplistic. A more complete account would be to depict the Restoration rake, as well as the coquet, as instruments of reaction against the excesses of Puritanism. In this sense it is not pure evil that is projected, rather we should see such depictions as reflecting the quest for individual liberty and control. At the time the evolution of European society was in the direction of increasing individualism, a trend which was reflected in literature. In many respects literature itself was agent in the evolution. The literary rake and coquet figures were, from this point of view, instrumental in defining and furthering individualism."

Tags:cuckold, baudy, Puritanism, individualism

Abstract
Taking Horace's "Carmen Saeculare" as its theme, this paper considers the poem's role in the cultural developments of the Augustan period, particularly those around the year 17 BCE. Specifically, the paper gives attention to the interrelationships between Horace's work and the social, political, ideological, and visual culture of the Augustan age, demonstrating how the "Carmen Saeculare" was not merely a response to the new era, but also actively helped shape it.

From the Paper
"The ludi saeculares are rooted in an old Etruscan tradition, which maintained that the life of a people or nation was cyclical. This concept is linked to the idea of a greater renewal; when an older generation has passed away, a new generation, a new age, rises up to take its place. Inasmuch as Augustus had been spearheading a complex program to radically transform Rome since he had "freed the republic oppressed by the tyranny of a faction," whereby he was reshaping the Roman political, visual, and religious landscape, it is not surprising that the ludi saeculares appealed to him as an effective tool to further this process. Thus, the Secular Games should not be seen as the starting point of the nascent golden age, but rather, a significant milestone along the road that added to the process of ideological transformation that was well under way even before Actium. "

Tags:Augustus, Secular, Games

Abstract
This paper looks at Ovid's poem Art of Love, which cheerfully preached the art of seduction and adultery. Eventually Augustus, the ruler of Rome, regarded Ovid as a threat to his moral regime and exiled the poet in 8 C.E. This paper looks at "Art of Love" and examines how Ovid delighted in poking irreverent fun at everything from the sanctity of Roman marriage to the serious consequences of adultery instituted by the Augustan reforms, and how this was considered subversive to Augustan reform.

From the Paper
"Augustus greatly preferred the poetry of his patron poets, specifically Virgil and Horace. Ovid, however, scorns Virgil's Aeneid, an epic poem portraying a panoramic history of Rome and its destiny. The hero, Aeneas, was driven by his piety, that is, his duty towards the gods and his devotion to his father. Ovid exhibits his rebellious intentions by mocking the traditional aspects of an epic poem. For example, Virgil begins the Aeneid by summoning the Muses and asking for their guidance in his telling of the tale. Ovid, on the other hand, does not abide by this custom; instead he grants himself credit for having previous knowledge on the subject of his writing. He states his work is clearly "based on experience: what I write, believe me, I have practiced" (Ovid 167). Thus, Ovid obviously states he has no need for the aid of the Muses, at the same time taunting Augustan tradition."

Tags:art, augustus, beliefs, emperor

Abstract
This paper looks at the Praetorian Guard, the personal guard force of the Roman emperors, which has become a byword for the ability of a bodyguard to control and ultimately to elevate or depose, the person whom it is supposed to guard. It examines how it was the only military force that had the potential to control its imperial masters. In particular it examines its role under the reign of the Julio-Claudians and how they were able to complete the marginalization of the Senate in favor of the Julio-Claudian family.

Outline
The Problem of Armies
Alternative Possible Solutions
Princeps and Imperator
The Roman Army: From Militia to Caesarism
The Augustan Solution
The Praetorian Guard: Organization and Mission
The Praetorian Guard in Augustan Security Strategy
The Praetorian Guard and the Emperors
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Historians speak of the earlier period of the Roman Empire as the Principate, but it is fair to say that as a primary title for Augustus' successors it fell into relative abeyance at an early date. Augustus survived as a general term of respect, to become a formal title for a "senior" emperor under the system of divided imperial authority under Diocletian. Caesar, originally a family name, also survived as a general title of respect, and ultimately gave rise to Tsar in Russian and Kaiser in German. But it is emperor, from the military title Imperator, that became the imperial title par excellence."

Tags:augustus, roman, empire, emperor, army

Abstract
This paper explains that, after the Stone Age, the earliest known Bronze Age culture of Europe and the Mediterranean was the Minoan, an ancient civilization on what is now Crete in the Mediterranean prior to classical Greek culture. The author points out that the advances in building construction led to the widespread use of the arch by the Romans and to the invention of durable cements and concrete for structures that have survived to the present times. The paper clarifies that, although Rome possessed a collection of tribute-states for centuries before the autocracy of Augustus, the pre-Augustan state conventionally is described as the Roman Republic; the difference between the Roman Empire and the Roman Republic lies primarily in the governing bodies and their relationship to each other.

From the Paper
"In discussing history over such great spans of time, historians rely on what is known as the classic three-age system. The system divides early human history into three distinct phases based upon the level of technology developed and the materials used in forming tools. These three ages and their exact placement in time vary according to geographic region; some regions developed the use of bronze and iron before others. Indeed, there are still Stone Age cultures extant on the planet, although that is becoming more and rarer as the years pass. Other ages than the ones mentioned are used by archaeology to delineate "sub-ages" that distinguish when a particular material (usually a metal) began to be used in tool-making and industry (examples include the Copper Age, the Silver Age, or the Gold Age)."

Tags:stone, bronze, construction, iron, tribute-states

Abstract
The paper shows that by providing readers with a realm based solely on the imagination, authors are able to manipulate reality through literature, creating unattainable expectations in society. The paper examines three examples illustrating this in the Augustan Age: "A Tale of a Tub" by Jonathan Swift, "The Vanity of Human Wishes", by Samuel Johnson, and "The English Malady" by George Cheyne. The paper describes how each work uses a different mode to express and effectively critique the inflated significance placed on intellect and the written word that both caused and resulted from the print explosion of the neo-classical period. It shows how all three writers voice a realization that the materialistic Empire was falling into a downward spiral from the spiritual and moral decay initiated by the overindulgence in the luxuries of excess.

From the Paper
"In section two of this work, Swift uses the metaphor of three brothers who abandon the principles of their father's will at the whim of current fashion to convey the movement of literature from its classical roots to the image based "tailor deity." As the brothers deface the coats, that were the only legacy left to them by their father, they are metaphorically distorting classical literature which was their predecessors sole method of preserving their wisdom for posterity. Therefore, any reader coming into the sphere of this type of influence would be accepting knowledge with no basis in the accepted archetype or tradition of human understanding."

Tags:17th, british, enlightenment, literature, satire, wishes