Abstract
The paper discusses how one of the earliest researched fields in social psychology is the observation of an audience upon the performance of an individual. The paper explains that known as the audience effect or the mere-presence effect, such tests generally focus on the presence of others and the resultant uncertainty experienced by an observed individual, which can lead to increased drive.

Tags:psychology, experiment, audience

Abstract
This paper describes how Jacobs' novel describes her life as a slave in the South, while the narrative is specifically directed toward Northern white readers. It explains how the text is not just created to describe her life, it is also intended as a plea for help and understanding. The paper discusses how Jacobs created a narrative incorporating stereotypical assumptions and views, while effectively using them to force the Northern white reader into responding in the way she intends.

From the Paper
"Jacobs opens her narrative by describing her parents and grandparents. In doing this, she ensures that they are presented in such a way that the Northern reader would judge them to be good people. This is important to the meaning of the text, since Jacobs needs the readers to believe that slaves like her deserve something better. The way Jacobs describes her parents offers an insight into what Northern people would consider a respectable person. Jacobs introduces her father saying, My father was a carpenter, and considered so intelligent and skillful in his trade, that, when buildings out of the common line were to be erected, he was sent for from long distances, to be head workman (Jacobs 430). This description emphasizes that her father was considered valuable to society in general. He was not merely a hard worker, he was so capable and skillful that he was desired for his abilities. This suggests that the Northern people value men for what skills they can offer to society as a whole, with the worth of a man determined by what he can contribute."

Tags:north, south, stereotype, white, black

Abstract
This paper is a critique of the effectiveness of innovation in playwriting. Three plays are addressed: "The Orestria" by Aeschylus, "Mandrogola" by Machiavelli, and "Mother Courage" by Brecht. There is an emphasis on Brecht as the inventor of the epic drama, or a non-linear production of a drama.

Abstract
Writing skills, although just one of the aspects of communication, are arguably the most important method of getting a message across. In this paper the writer looks at some of the key aspects of communicating effectively through writing. Aspects examined are brainstorming, the message being made, the target audience, formatting, organization and grammar.

From the Paper
"Before starting to write anything, whether it is a business letter, a written report, or an essay, it is always useful to "brainstorm" in order to generate some creative ideas. This would help in overcoming the number one nemesis of all writers-"the writer's block." Brainstorming is most useful when a group of people indulge in a freewheeling discussion of a subject in an informal setting. It can, however, also be done alone by reading what others have written about a subject. The ideas that a brainstorming session generates would form the building blocks of our writing. ("Brainstorming," UNC Writing Center)"

Tags:formatting, target, audience, organization

Abstract
This paper offers a critical analysis, referring to Ang (1994), in criticism of presumptions made in studies of TV audienceship as demonstrated in different ways through fieldwork in a central Toronto tavern. The paper also refers to Jones' work on TV in relation to theories of TV consumption and business, as seem facile in comparison with what was discerned in fieldwork. The paper includes a commentary on assumptions common in theories of the mass media that can benefit from ethnographical studies.

From the Paper
"The study of the mass media and notably television continues to involve a great deal of theory-building. As Ien Ang points out, much that is theorized or assumed features a large cultural and conceptual gap between television audiences and observing scholars or others to analyze them. (1994:367) One also needs to bear in mind the care that should be taken to examine particular phenomena, ensuring that one's assumptions are not wholly shaped by theory. Ulf Hannerz pointed out how the day of globalization has prompted approaches that are global and also local, in ..."

Tags:mass, media, research, effect, influence

Abstract
A comparison of two films, "Star Wars: Episode II Attack of the Clones" and "Spiderman" with particular emphasis on contrasting the special effects used in these movies. The author looks at the ideology of a special effects team and the systemic approach to creativity for the imagination as the big screen comes to life in the minds of the audience.

From the Paper
"Within the movie world there will always be a need for sensational special effects, gone are the days when a simple camera trick and small explosion would suffice for the action scenes, now as movies become digitalized and edited upon computers there is little a special effects team cannot do to a character or scene. Within the present arena of movie making two major films stand out as having the most complex and memorable special effects are Spiderman and the latest Star Wars visiting in the series, the Attack of the Clones."

Tags:imagination, camera, animation, graphics

Abstract
In this paper, the film "Slumdog Millionaire", released in the United States in 2009, is drawn on in order to analyze the effects of mass media content to the individual and society. The paper applies two conflicting theories to this analysis, social learning theory and desensitization theory. According to the author, both desensitization and social learning based on this film could have a negative affect on the audience and society as a whole.

From the Paper
"Bandura explained that reinforcement or motivation, the fourth component, is necessary for modeling or imitation to occur. According to the Social Learning Theory, when these conditions are met, an individual would most likely know how to imitate the model of the behavior. However, an individual may also choose not to imitate the socially learned behavior. Social Learning Theory hypothesizes that an individual "can acquire lasting attitudes, emotional reactions, and behavioral proclivities toward persons, places or things that have been associated with modeled emotional experiences" (O'Rorke, 2006). O'Rorke (2006) said that "the potential danger of heavy consumption of television is the exposure to this symbolic world may make the televised images appear to the authentic state of human affairs." And in the absence of someone to explain and distinguish reality from fiction, an individual might imitate the modeled behavior seen on any media content."

Tags:violence poverty India television, social learning theory, desensitization theory

Abstract
This paper examines the effects of advertising and marketing of certain brands on the consumer audience. Trademarks are designed to identify a product and are an important factor for a product's brand image. This brand name in terms of sign, symbol or design or a combination of these is used to identify the goods and services of a particular product. Brand switching takes place in instances when the consumers are educated and well read. The more educated the public the more likely the chance of brand switching. The writer of this paper focuses on the Indian market, which is aware of the many branded products that are universally available. The potential of rural demand in India today is tremendous and requires to be tapped. This paper delves into the workings of the Indian economy which was opened to foreign multinationals in 1992. This paper discusses the impact of the Indian government lowering the duty tax on various imported goods to ensure that they compete well alongside goods produced by Indian companies. This paper also examines the use of operation resource groups, whose duty is to determine the demands for products of each category and present it to various companies so that they can make a proper decision with respect to the national demand for their product.

Table of Contents:
What is a Brand Image?
How Does Brand Switching Take Place?

From the Paper
"Recently, the penetration of Audio, Video visuals and the print media has penetrated well into the rural market in India. Moreover the general level of education of the public has improved making them exposed to these print and visual medias. The constant reverse flow of Industries from cities to the towns and villages in some cases has made the rural youths more aware and rich financially. In fact this has created a rural demand for many fancy products in India. The potential of rural demand today is tremendous and requires to be tapped. The Indian Economy was opened to the foreign multinationals in the year 1992 and finding the rural demand potential the foreign companies clamored to come to India in a big way. The penetration of Information Technology into the Indian rural market as well as the city youth have also generated a market which is in a constant state of flux as regards brands."

Tags:business, marketing, advertising, consumer, behavior, operation, resource, groups, org

Abstract
A discussion of the negative and fewer positive effects that television has on children and their language skills. Several propositions seem undisputed by all the researchers such as: children are the largest audience for television, television is a continuing interest for most children, and television can provoke a response in children. This paper concludes that television can invigorate the vocabulary of children, encourage their reading, and inspire their writing.

From the Paper
"Without doubt, television influences the mental processes and speaking habits of young people who may develop their language skills in the family den as much as they do in the classroom. Indeed, statistics abound on the television habits of children. High school seniors will have watched about 15,000 hours of television by the time they graduate (1986 Nielson Report as cited in Powell 41). To gain perspective, Hal Blythe and Charlie Sweet put it this way: "By the time the vidkids matriculate at their favorite institution of higher learning, almost one-half of their waking life will have been spent being Superseted, Chromacolored, and Colortaked" (22-23). Sister Rosemary Winkeljohann reports this incident: A few seasons ago, on an episode of "Happy Days," Fonzie got a library card as a small part of the overall story. The producers thought nothing of it until they later learned that librarians all over the country were swamped the next day with children coming to the library. Children who had never used the library facilities now wanted library cards! (100) "

Tags:children, development, education, language, learning, media, parents, research, society, statistics, teachers, television, verbal

Abstract
This paper discusses the effects of the reality television genre on its viewing audiences. In addition to positive effects, many negative outcomes are discussed. Research in the subject concludes that it makes viewers lazy and preoccupied with the lives of others that they do not know. The writer points out that conversely, there is an entertainment value that lets viewers live vicariously through the characters.

From the Paper
"Over the last decade, reality-based or "unscripted" television shows have seemingly dominated programming schedules. The format has been in existence for some time starting with shows like Cops and People's Court in the 1980s. Later, MTV's Real World aired in 1992 and is generally considered to be the first show that used the current reality model (Herrera). MTV has enjoyed continued success with this show, airing for nineteen seasons. Another early show, Survivor, is credited with bringing the reality-genre into the mainstream forefront as it was the first to be profitable and wildly popular on broadcast television."

Tags:reality, television, genre