Abstract
The paper discusses how one of the earliest researched fields in social psychology is the observation of an audience upon the performance of an individual. The paper explains that known as the audience effect or the mere-presence effect, such tests generally focus on the presence of others and the resultant uncertainty experienced by an observed individual, which can lead to increased drive.

Tags:psychology, experiment, audience

Abstract
This paper analyzes the television series "Sex and the City" on several different levels. First the paper describes various methods of audience analysis. Then it examines moral issues of television, such as role models for youth. "Sex in the City" is further described as appealing to the young, beautiful, and fabulous crowd that ranges in age from the early twenties to the mid-thirties, thus expressing the ideals of society's dominant culture. The author illustrates how the show can be analyzed from the coded and encoded messages it contains. The author concludes that the series had a long life due to its ability to tackle relevant social issues and to create conflict and controversy.

From the Paper
" Stuart hall was a major research figure at the Birmingham School. He felt that the mass media was an important element of capitalist culture, because it allowed a structure for organization of society's experience (Tomlinson, 1991). Hall viewed media messages as open to having multiple meanings and interpretations by the audience. The message received by the audience, "is influenced by the context and culture of the receivers" (McQuail, 2000, p. 56). The encoding/decoding model views the audience as an active participant in the message, rather than a passive recipient of knowledge. "

Tags:Sex, and, the, City, television, audience, HBO

Abstract
Writing is a means of communicating in which communication refers to the process of creating shared understanding. For the person communicating, there is a need to consider who will be receiving the message and to ensure that this message can be both received and understood. The paper shows, therefore, that the writer needs to consider the audience. It explains that the writer must consider several aspects, including choosing appropriate language, achieving clarity, and getting the audience's attention. In addition, the paper shows that writing forms and writing rules also take into account the needs of the writer. Finally, the paper shows that the writer can consider audience at any of the stages of writing and describes the process of determining the audience.

From the Paper
"Form also meets the needs of the audience in the formal structure of the essay. The essay represents a form where information is provided in logical order, with this helping the audience achieve clarity. The introduction works by providing a general overview of the topic. This identifies the subject for the reader so that they are eased into the subject. The introduction then usually offers a brief description of what will be covered in the essay. This gives the reader an idea of where they are going, which helps with achieving understanding. The body of the essay is then structured with each major idea or argument occurring in a separate paragraph. This helps with clarity as it separates ideas so they can be fully understood. The conclusion then summarizes what has been argued and restates the introduction. The end result is a logical structure that leads the reader through the essay. This is another example of how form and structure have been created with audience in mind. By following these forms, writers then meet the needs of the audience."

Tags:pyramid, structure, fiction, language

Abstract
The paper discusses how in the past few decades, the United States and most of the industrialized world has begun to use technological communication creating an interconnected globe, and therefore, those engaged in technical writing will likely reach a large audience and must tailor their communications according to the culture and beliefs of their target global audience. The paper argues that this requires the writer to have an in depth understanding of the audience and how this group of individuals may perceive the communication. The paper explains that this can be done using various techniques, such as Minimum Word Strategy using illustrations rather than actual word translations; Controlled English, which imposes very strict limitations on verb tenses, sentence structure and length, vocabulary, and voice; and Global English involving unambiguous and precise language, which can be understood by most readers.

From the Paper
"In the past few decades the United States and most of the industrialized world has begun to use technological communication creating an interconnected globe. Therefore, those engaged in technical writing will likely reach a large audience and must tailor their communications..."

Tags:technical, writing, global

Abstract
This paper briefly shows how the audience is part of the social problem that perpetuates the murders in "The Lodger." "The Lodger" is a silent movie by Hitchcock, and the paper explains how the audience was included in the film, both explicitly and subtly, in specific characters and scenes. It explains that the presence of the movie audience itself and the popularity of the film attest to a societal interest in murder.

From the Paper
"The Lodger was Hitchcock's first suspense thriller and his first great commercial success (Wood 27). This correlation is perhaps no coincidence. Hitchcock's treatment of the movie audience on screen suggests he understood their interests in murder. The novel, by Marie Belloc Lowndes, from which the screenplay was based, was a treatment of the true, popular case of the notorious English murderer, Jack the Ripper (Spoto 84). What drew the popular appeal to the Jack the Ripper case draws the film's newspaper readers, radio listeners and bystanders in view of the electric news sign to stories about the Avenger. The audience's draw to The Lodger cannot be separated from what draws the crowds to the Avenger murders."

Tags:1920s, film, silent, subjectivity

Abstract
In 2006, Time Magazine finally caught up to Roland Barthes by declaring "You" to be the person of the year. In 1968, Roland Barthes wrote his seminal essay, "The Death of the Author," arguing that the audience-in bringing context, meaning, and experience to the text-was engaged in just as creative an enterprise as the author. The audience member had been liberated from the ghetto of appreciation and elevated into the circle of creative activity. On the Barthesian view, this transformation occurs because there is no such thing as an author's privileged voice; there is only language itself. To use and encounter language are equally creative acts; merely to read is to exercise a kind of creativity, as we enter into an interpretative relationship with language that is no different in quality from that of the author's activity. TIME's point is more facile, namely that more people are being empowered to become content authors. This essay will bring a Barthesian sensibility to TIME's point about digital media, particularly non-linear media artifacts. The hypothesis is that cognitively decoding, customizing, and hacking non-linear digital media are all part of a spectrum of authorial acts. Whether as mere viewers, or as active hackers, non-linear digital media audiences are now authors, even if they don't realize it.

From the Paper
Non-Linearity in Digital Media: The Audience Member as Author Introduction In 2006, TIME Magazine finally caught up to Roland Barthes by declaring "You" to be the person of the year. In 1968, Roland Barthes wrote his seminal essay, "The Death of the Author," arguing that the audience--in bringing context, meaning, and experience to the text--was engaged in just as creative an enterprise as the author. The audience member had been liberated from the ghetto of appreciation and elevated into the circle of creative activity. On the Barthesian view, this transformation occurs because there is no such thing as an author's privileged voice; there is

Tags:non, linear, digital, media

Abstract
This is a literary essay that discusses William Shakespeare's "Hamlet" and how the character of Hamlet would have been perceived by an Elizabethan audience. The paper contends that, in the eyes of an Elizabethan audience, Hamlet is a failure, both as an avenger and as a human being.

From the Paper
"In William Shakespeare's play Hamlet the central character, Prince Hamlet of Denmark and heir to the throne has a personality that is often considered flawed. He possesses several negative attributes that would have given the Elizabethan audience of the time good reason to find him failing as a human being and as an avenger. However, there is evidence throughout the text that suggests Hamlet is not a total failure as a human being and avenger. To draw a conclusion, one must explore Hamlet's character and analyze his actions throughout the course of the play."

Tags:death, brother, claudius, father, lie, cheat, mother, gertrude, king, queen, polonius, madness

Abstract
This paper discusses three poems composed by three different poets, Wordsworth, Springsteen and Hughes. Through these works, the writer examines who the poet addresses. This paper illustrates how every poem has a dual audience for the thoughts expressed, with a primary entity being addressed in the poem itself, and with the reader a secondary entity addressed by the poem as a whole.

From the Paper
"Poetry is a personal expression of thought and emotion, and the issue is raised concerning to whom the poet addresses the poem. Every poem has a dual audience for the thoughts expressed, with a primary entity being addressed in the poem itself, and with the reader a secondary entity addressed by the poem as a whole. This may be more obvious in a dramatic poem like those written by Robert Browning, where the person addressed is clearly identified, but the poet always addresses someone even if this is simply implied."

Tags:wordsworth, springsteen, hughes, browning, reader

Abstract
The writer examines how rhetoric, purpose, audience and context shapes six articles: Michael White, Ewen MacAskill and Richard Norton-Taylor's, "Downing Street Admits Blunder on Iraq Dossier," an anonymous article carried by CNN.com entitled, "UK Accused of Lifting Dossier Text," Jacques Steinberg's, "Times' 2 Top Editors Resign after Furor on Writer's Fraud," Anne Mullens,' "Cheating to Win," Peter Kent's, "A Sign of Societal Rot?" and Michael Den Tandt's, "Times' Atonement Smacks of Overkill." The writer shows how different purposes and contexts determine the rhetoric and/or tone of an article.

From the Paper
"Our group used its knowledge of four items - rhetoric, purpose, audience and context - with the intent of outlining how each one shapes six articles: Michael White, Ewen MacAskill and Richard Norton-Taylor's, Downing Street Admits Blunder on Iraq Dossier," an anonymous article carried by CNN.com entitled, "UK Accused of Lifting Dossier Text," Jacques Steinberg's, "Times' 2 Top Editors Resign after Furor on Writer's Fraud," Anne Mullens,' "Cheating to Win," Peter Kent's, "A Sign of Societal Rot?" and Michael Den Tandt's, "Times' Atonement Smacks of Overkill.""

Tags:journalism, times, genre

Abstract
The paper discusses how mass media today represents an important part of our daily lives and without it, modern life would probably be unimaginable. The paper explains that the term itself encompasses a range of different media such as television, movies, magazines, books, Internet etc., and the 'mass' part indicates that media is accessible to a large number of people. The paper notes that the elevation to the 'mass' level is a result of many technological advances as well as social changes and the number of people that media can reach is increasing constantly. The paper also explains that media can be understood as agents through which content is delivered to the public.

From the Paper
"Mass media today represent an important part of our daily lives and without them modern life would probably be unimaginable. The term itself encompasses a range of different media such as television, movies, magazines, books, Internet etc. The `mass' part indicates that media is accessible to a large number of people. The elevation to the `mass' level is a result of many technological advances as well as social changes and the number of people that media can reach is increasing constantly. Media can be understood as agents through which content is delivered to the public. This content can be any kind of message: information, news,..."

Tags:mass media, popular culture, audiences