Abstract The following paper discusses the attitudes and strategies that should be used to get the best results from employees, what it takes to keep employees motivated, the attitude of the boss and different attitudes of employees and how it affects their job. All of the latter are discussed with reference to research studies of selected companies and their organizational patterns of behaviour.
From the paper:
"It is well known by Human Resources Personnel and Managers that positive employee attitudes create positive actions toward organizational goals. Employee attitude is increasingly cited in surveys as the number one performance-related issue of companies, both large and small. As attitudes deteriorate, so do commitment, loyalty and, most importantly, performance. In this research paper we are particularly looking at physical labor jobs such as landscaping, construction, farm workers and other environments which do not take place in an office settings."
Abstract This paper explains that summated ratings or Likert scales are one methodology used by academics, students, politicians and marketing researchers to determine the attitude of individuals towards a particular issue. The author relates that the use of summated ratings is a survey method that presents a set of attitude statements which the subject must express agreement or disagreement on a continuous scale of five to nine points. The author believes that summated ratings can be used to measure emotional attitudes regarding issues particular to criminal justice, such as punishment and enforcement of crime.
From the Paper "The relevance of the quantification of attitude may be found in the idea that the psychological "stimulus" designed to provoke an attitude does not necessarily have to be physical. This is reflected in the work of the psychologist Thurstone, who is considered the father of attitude measurement. He addressed the issue of how favorable an individual is with regard to a given issue in his own work. He developed an attitude continuum to determine the position of measuring favorable and unfavorable attitudes on issues. This was refined in 1932, by his prot?g? Likert, the most famous father of the attitudinal scale."
Abstract This paper will discuss the influence of attitude on behavior in the scope of psychological studies. By showing how the attitude of a person can directly create a social influence on the behavior of the person, we can see how this may be achieved. This study will reveal four general factors that influence when people are or are not likely to behave in ways that are consistent with their attitudes. By understanding this relationship, the idea of social influence can be revealed in this form of psychological association.
Abstract To enter into another culture is to enter a world of beliefs and traditions that may be very different from those that shaped us. Our attitude toward that culture - Have we come willingly? Are we happy to be here? - and that culture's attitude to us - Are we welcome? - will go a long way towards ensuring a successful adaptation to that culture. But what exactly do social psychologists mean when they refer to attitude? And how is it measured? These are the points that will be addressed in this paper.
Abstract This paper outlines the steps involved in constructing a Likert (1932) scale to evaluate university students' attitude towards vivisection and addresses issues both within the scale itself and in the broader context of all measurements of attitude. Ultimately, it questions the usefulness of attitude scales in light of their unavoidable limitations given the complexity of the hypothetical construct they seek to evaluate.
From the Paper "Reliability interacts with validity and where reliability is high ("equal to or more than .80" - Oppenheim, B, 1988), as with the Likert scale, validity will tend to be also, but its fundamental shortcoming, which it shares with other attitude scales, is that construct validity of the attitude concept itself is questionable. No external factual criterion exists against which declared attitudes may be defined and calibrated: for example, group membership or voting habits - seemingly objective measures - may be mediated by situational or pragmatic factors (Oppenheim, 1966). Declared attitude, as measured by self-report rating scales, may not wholly - or at all - correspond to the attitude held and thus it follows that predictive validity also tends to be poor."
Abstract This paper examines if there are differences in attitudes regarding job satisfaction between men and women. It then discusses the reasons for any differences in job satisfaction attitudes. This paper aims to determine how likely it is that men and women have similar job satisfaction attitudes.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Research and Methodology
Results and Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "It seems that men and women have little in common (Rosenberg, 2003). They do not think the same, they enjoy different types of movies, they do not even have the same amount of ribs. However, when it comes to job satisfaction, it is unclear as to whether or not men and women share similar attitudes. While many people say that women getting paid less that men is blatant sexism, the real reasons for the discrepancy are much more complex, some argue (Bort, 2003). According to Bort (2003), survey respondents say these issues are at heart."
Tags: methodology, literature, review, gender, career
Abstract This paper examines the attitudes and preconceived beliefs toward aging in America, specifically the attitudes of women toward aging. The paper focuses on the effects of aging and the different attitudes of men and women.
Paper Outline:
Objective
Aging in General
Women
The Social Network
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "A poll conducted by Brandeis University National Center found that there is a link between a woman's attitude toward aging and working longer. A job that stimulates the mind and also keeps one physically mobile will certainly promote a longer life. However a job that is overly stressful may very well make one sick and produce opposite effects from those experienced by a job that is non-stressful in nature."
Abstract This paper reviews an extensive amount of literature regarding the achievement of culturally diverse students and the impact on this achievement of the attitudes of teachers toward these students, or specifically, the expectations that teachers hold in relation to the achievement potential of these students. The paper further looks at how failure to properly educate and prepare teachers for the multicultural education classroom leaves too many unanswered questions in the instructional provision relating to attitudes based on myth or falsehoods, misconceptions or misrepresentations. Additionally, the paper contends that it is critical that teachers be effectively educated with regard to their attitude prior to their entry into the multicultural classroom.
Outline:
Objective
Multicultural Education Defined
Cultural Differences and the Construction of Meaning
Overview of Current State of Affairs
Identified Barriers to Student Achievement
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "The research conducted by Padilla and Lindholm has purported three: "major identifiable assumptions" relating to the education of ethnic minorities identified as follows: (1) The white middle-class American is the standard used for comparison of other groups to (typically this is the male); (2) Instruments used for assessment of differences are universally applicable "across groups, with perhaps only minimal adjustments for culturally diverse populations; and (3) Although a need exists for recognition of the sources of potential variance such as social class, educational attainment, gender, cultural orientation, and proficiency in English, these are nuisances that can later be discarded (1995, p. 97)." (McCue, nd) "
Abstract This paper discusses the links between personality and the behavior and attitudes of individuals. It examines how personality impacts risk aversion and risk-seeking attitudes and behaviors within individuals. The paper focuses on this particular characteristic and examines the implicit motivations individuals have to be risk seeking and risk averting in their attitude and behavior.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background
Dependent Variable: At Risk Behavior that lead to Delinquency
Independent: Personality Types and Peer Influence
Information Need
Process
From the Paper "In order to delineate a specific link between personality characteristics and its resultant affects on attitudes and behaviors towards delinquency, a careful review of personality diagnosis of young children pre-maturity must be examined. This process will involve dissecting data of children who have received full personality tests that delineates their five factor model and correlates this data to the development of aggressive and anti-social behavior and attitudes. Instead of examining concrete violence or delinquencies later in life, this procedure will focus on predicative behavior such as aggressiveness and anti-social attitudes. Thus it will examine the root link between personality and behavior and attitude rather than behavior and delinquency."
Abstract This paper examines both what he says about women in general and about some women in particular (i.e. Desdemona, Emilia, Bianca, and Venetian women). Discussed are what he does to women and shows how these contribute to his attitude, also answered is the relationship between this attitude and his desire for revenge.
Abstract People react to discrimination in different ways. Some let it discourage them, some run away form it, and others hate it so much that they become bigots themselves. There are, however, positive ways of reacting to discrimination. Discrimination can motivate people to survive and become successful so that they can try to prevent it in the future. This paper explores works by Langston Hughes, Brent Staples, Richard Wright, and Alice Walker, authors of short stories concerning different African-American characters facing issues of race and discrimination. The paper shows that, by reading their stories, one gets a clear understanding that when faced with discrimination, it is best to keep a positive attitude rather than a negative one. In these stories, the characters that do keep a positive, more realistic attitude toward racial issues and discrimination tend to turn out more successful, mentally, than the characters that react to these issues negatively. Works analyzed include, "One Friday Morning" (Langston Hughes), "Black Men and Public Space" (Brent Staples), and "Everyday Use" by Alice Walker.
From the Paper "Brent Staples? reaction to discrimination and racial profiling is what gives him a better attitude and outcome. In "Black Men and Public Space", Staples discusses how he is a victim of these every day. Walking down the street at night, white people, especially women, would quickly walk away form his direction. In subways, white people would sit nervously as if waiting for him to attack. Even merchants in retail stores would give mean glares when he entered their store. Staples describes feeling "surprised, embarrassed and dismayed, all at once". This sort of environment could quickly erode a person's spirit. In his situation, most would become angry and resentful. Staples, however, realizes that he cannot allow this to happen."
Abstract This research paper is a chapter of a PhD dissertation. This chapter discusses in-depth literature on the attitudes and values of high school students. Reforms to the high school system in the United States are also explained. Additionally, the reason why students need not be involved in the planning of reforms is elucidated.
Introduction
Attitudes and Values: Who are High School Students?
Reforms
References
From the Paper "Of a crucial age, climbing a milestone, conscious to their fullest with no fear of prospects, high school students have interested researchers and policy makers for centuries. They have quite a few common traits?they behave as individuals of their own age group in a rather full-fledged way. They are go-getting to achieve their independence, they are show-offs, impressionable persons desiring to be their best (something to be learned) and to suit the times they live in. Their self-esteem is fragile and they are pretty sensitive to criticism, attention, and dilemmas, for instance, within their families."
Abstract This paper argues that there is a right and wrong attitude toward health and illness and the use of a specific set of ideals has important clinical implications. The paper shows how continual changes in attitudes towards health and illness in our society affects the working practice and results of nurses in the health system.
From the Paper "A study at the University College Hospital in Nigeria sought to find the prevailing attitude of nurses towards caring for AIDS patients. Of 200 male and female nurses interviewed, 52.4 per cent said their reaction was one of anxiety; 26.4 per cent of fear; 6.7 percent skepticism. Only 7 per cent managed to stay neutral and 6.7 per cent remained calm. The nurses who confessed to a less desirable attitude believed that AIDS sufferers were responsible for their illness themselves and thus deserve their dire health condition. Many confessed to having increased anxiety levels and even experiencing nightmares."
Abstract This paper examines the role of priming on several social psychology behaviors including attitudes, judgements and conformity. The paper provides a description of priming and of each of the social behaviors discussed in the paper. The paper then focuses on describing past research that shows the ways in which priming affects these behaviors.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Priming Attitudes/Judgments
Priming Social Conformity
From the Paper "Schemas are cognitive representations of nonsocial and social objects that are stored in memory in associative networks. Activation of a schema increases its accessibility in the present and in the future. One way to activate a schema is through priming. Priming is any experience or mental activity that occurs prior to an event or situation and which increases the likelihood that relevant schema will be made more accessible. Such experiences or activities are referred to as primes and primes vary in the level of activation or accessibility they create. The minimum prime required to activate a schema is called the response threshold (Moskowitz, 2005). This can then affect a perception, judgment, and/or behavior by associative processes in memory. In this paper I will examine priming effects on judgments and social conformity by describing several relevant studies and their results."
Abstract The paper describes self-harm as a physical expression of emotional distress and highlights the need for a strong focus on psychological care for patients who self-harm. The paper explores self-harm triggers, looks at nurses' attitudes towards mental health patients and their needs and provides an understanding of the needs of patients. The paper then explores the attitude of health care workers towards young prison inmates who deliberately self harm. The paper concludes that more research is needed on self-harm prevention and on the practice of professionals working with people who deliberately self-harm.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
From the Paper "Deliberate self-harm, (DSH) described as a behaviour not an illness (Isacsson and Rich, 2001, 213), is a complex issue with much debate surrounding its cause and treatment (McAllister, 2003, 177, Freeman, 2002, 10, Redley, 2003, 348). Deliberate self-harm is frequently encountered in emergency departments (ED) but is a hidden health problem world-wide. Approximately 4% of the population self-harms and it is one of the leading five causes of acute medical admission for women and men (Wilhelm, Schneiden, Kotze, 2000, 349). Nine out of ten people who self-harm seek help in emergency departments (Crawford, 1998, 18), so the role of emergency nurses is fundamental to ensuring that they receive timely and appropriate care. Research suggests that patients who present at assessment and emergency after self-harm incidents repeat the behaviour (Joiner, 2002, 33, Morgan and Coleman, 2000, 391)."
