Abstract
This paper focuses on the attempts of Christians to convert Jews, including an analysis of their successes and failures. Much of the information available on conversion attempts has focused on historical efforts at converting the Jews to Christianity. As such the primary emphasis of this document includes an overview of historical efforts at conversion. In modern society, most Christian faiths - including those that once persecuted the Jews with much enthusiasm - have focused their efforts on causes other than conversion. Still, even in contemporary society there is evidence that certain faiths, the Baptist faith in particular, still believes they have a moral obligation to convert the remaining population of Jews to Christianity. Their attempts, successes and failures in this respect are explored in the second half of this analysis.

From the Paper
"Other attempts have been made by the Evangelical church to convert Jews to Christianity, or to suppress the rights of Jews and the Jewish faith (Wikipedia, 2005). This trend began in early history, with Charles Semeon of the Evangelical church stating that the efforts at conversion including daily prayers for the conversion of Jews were as much a part of Christianity and "the finest flower of Evangelicalism" (Ragussis, 4). The Evangelicals have often been cited as agreeing with the Southern Baptist Convention, which suggests that it is the duty of Christians to continue in their attempts to convert Jews (Wikipedia, 2005)."

Tags:Jesus, salvation, Protestant, Crusaders, Evangelicalism

Abstract
This is a critique on a research paper about self-reported suicide attempts in a tri-ethnic group of adolescents. It evaluates and critiques a study performed on a group of students pertaining to adolescent suicide. This study examines the multiple factors affecting recent suicide attempts in adolescents from three different ethnic backgrounds. The resilience model is used to describe and analyze the relationships between these variables categorized according to sex, age and race.

From the Paper
"Adolescent suicide is a major sociological dilemma and one that is growing with time. Past research shows that suicide is amongst the top three causes of death in 15-24 year olds and that this trend is multiplying rapidly in the younger age group. [Rew et al, 2001] Females have been shown to be more prone to attempt suicide and some ethnic minority groups seem to be more affected than others. Not only is this behavior a source of grief to the loved ones but its increasing pattern have also made it an important social, and medical issue. Previous studies have shown that both external and internal factors have a significant effect on the statistics relating to suicide. Data has been collected to show that physical and sexual abuses have a significant relationship to an increase in suicide attempts.[Rew et al, 2001] Feelings of depression, hopelessness and inadequacy are also associated factors to adolescent suicide. It has been seen however that even if these factors are present suicide attempts can be avoided by the influence of social values, religious influences, and peer support or social activities."

Tags:depression, ethnic, social, pressure

Abstract
There are many distinctions between preparation and attempt in law and many different definitions of attempt that need to be considered when examining these distinctions. There have been cases that have set these definitions, and other cases that have toppled standing definitions and understandings in the favor of new perspectives. This paper examines issues of attempt and preparation in the law, going through a rational process of analysis, which serves to point towards the above mentioned distinctions between preparation and attempt in the law of attempt. The law of attempt itself is differentiated and categorized within the context of the report on the state and national levels, with the assumption being that most states treat attempts less seriously than actual committed crimes as a matter of programmatic policy. The concepts of preparation and attempt are presented in terms of summative definition and precedent and are also examined through the analysis of examples. The intended accomplishment of the definitions is then be assayed in terms of its bearing on matters of incidence and circumstance. The paper looks at proposed reform measures and addresses future concerns before concluding.

From the Paper
"For example, if an individual decides to rob a bank, they might do surveillance on the bank, buy a gun and a mask, and perhaps involve partners who can come in and split the money between them at a prearranged meeting place. All of these actions are preparations for the crime of robbing the bank, but they are not attempts to rob the bank:
they all go on outside of the bank's walls. The individual goes about this preparation with the intention of robbing the bank, but these preparations, by their very definition, are not attempts to rob the bank in a physical sense at all. They are premeditated plans which involve robbing the bank as a goal. They are the means, if attempt is the ends."

Tags:criminal, justice, lawyer, legal

Abstract
Few events in Chinese history have evoked as much controversy as the Hundred Flowers Campaign. The central controversy revolves around the issue of whether it was a genuine attempt to solicit criticism of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), or merely a cynical ploy to expose dissenters, so that they could be ruthlessly dealt with via imprisonment, exile for "re-education" and "reform" to the countryside, or execution. In this essay it will be argued that the Hundred Flowers Campaign was initially a genuine attempt to allow at least a modicum of dissent. However, when it became clear that the floodgates had been opened, the volume of criticism quickly became far more than the authorities - particularly Chairman Mao - were prepared to tolerate.

From the Paper
Topic 6: Was the "Hundred Flowers" Movement of 1957 a Genuine Attempt to Solicit Criticism of the Chinese Communist Party, or a Ploy to Expose Dissenters? Few events in Chinese history have evoked as much controversy as the Hundred Flowers Campaign. The central controversy revolves around the issue of whether it was a genuine attempt to solicit criticism of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), or merely a cynical ploy to expose dissenters, so that they could be ruthlessly dealt with via imprisonment, exile for "re-education" and "reform" to the countryside, or execution. In this essay it will be argued that the Hundred Flowers Campaign was

Tags:china, mao, flowers

Abstract
This paper examines the attempts of Native-American Tribes to retain their cultural heritage despite many years of repression and attempts by the colonial majority to force its culture on them. The paper looks at the major means whereby Native Americans are trying to preserve and even spread their culture amongst the various groupings and tribes living today in the United State of America. The author then goes on to examine the historical background to the American Indian's cultural repression. He examines, in some depth, the rebirth of Native-American literature and oral history and its impact on the Native-American population and attempts to evaluate its success.

From the Paper
"Individual Indians seek to define who they are through culture in varied ways, and are frequently challenged by distance. The revival of culture is centered around reservation life. Reservations schools attempt to transmit the traditions of the past, along with language through native reservation schools that teach language through a bilingual system or through submersion programs and yet many Native Americans live far from home and family, as a result of the pressures of modernization and the fact that economic and higher education opportunities are limited on many reservations. To many Indians it is a challenge to meet the goals of a highly connected social network of family and nation as distance creates change that challenges their ability to meld their historical culture with the white culture they frequently live within. Yet, it is also clear that individual definitions of self are strongly associated with family and cultural connections and traditions. It is for this reason that Native American creativity is expressed in novel ways through many avenues and medias as well as the reason why individual and collective vision become a constant recurring theme in many of these interpretations."

Tags:native americans, indians reservations history culture assimilation tradition

Abstract
This paper is a research paper on human cloning and specifically the legal and ethical implications as they apply to the United Kingdom and the United States. The paper begins by defining the notions implied by the word cloning and then proceeds to provide a precise analysis of the legal situation in the United Kingdom and the United States in order to facilitate an examination of the evolution of cloning in the United Kingdom as well as the contradictions that may exist between what is said and what is done in the United States. The paper contends that any discussion on cloning must take place in the international arena and not just on a national level, and that morals and ethics play an important role in the debate on cloning at both levels. Finally, the paper attempts to show the danger of the absence of legislation on cloning by giving a practical view of what is currently possible. This paper includes colour photographs and charts.

Outline:
Introduction
Basic Notions
Reproductive Cloning
National Laws In Force And The Influence Of International Organisations9
The Situation In The United Kingdom
The Situation In The United States
The International Organisations' Approach
The Implications Of Ethics
Generalities On Moral Issue
Identity Issue
Religions' Views On Cloning
Clonaid
Conclusion
Information Requests Mails
Unsuccessful Attempts To Obtain Information
E-Mail Deleted Without Being Read
Adolph Grunbaum
The Experts Actively Involved In Our Project
V.J. Norris And Michael W. Shaw, University Of Reading (United Kingdom)
Jeff Macmahan And Katrien Devolder
Rosario Isasi, Jd, Mph, Faculty Of Law, Montreal University
Bilbliography
Annexes

From the Paper
"In 2001, the United Kingdom passed what became one of the most liberal laws on human cloning. This may appear contradictory with what has been said in the introduction of this study, i.e. that Britain was the first nation set to ban cloning although they were the first to have legalised it. Indeed, this might have been perceived as an evolution and it would have been interesting to see why such an evolution occurred: why do people who first authorised cloning then changed their mind and finally decided to ban it? The fact is that the new piece of legislation actually covers reproductive cloning and not therapeutic cloning. However, since the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act of 1990, therapeutic cloning is legal for scientists who have been granted a state licence by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. The law allows cloning and growth of human embryos up to fourteen days for research purposes. What is now expressly prohibited with the law of 2001 is the transfer of cloned embryos into a woman's womb, but this has never been legal before 2001."

Tags:morality, ethics, cloning, legal, evolution, international, humans, animals, reproductive, genetic, DNA, in-vitro, blastocyst, embryo, research, federal

Abstract
This paper describes the alcoholic beverage industry in the United States and its expansion capacity. The paper attempts to study the situation of the beer companies in some parts of the world where the highest expansion is taking place and how there are attempts by companies to spread into other countries to maintain their rates of growth.

From the Paper
"The largest brewery in the world is Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. with its head office situated at 1, Busch Place, St. Louis, MO 63118. According to the philosophy of the company it wants to be the life of the party in all its operation, in both its theme parks as also its breweries. Apart from the brewery operations, the company is one of the largest among the theme park operators, manufacturers of aluminum cans in the United States and the largest recycler of aluminum cans in the world. The share of the company in the United States in the sales of Beer with a share of just less than 50 percent and the company has the brand called Budweiser, which is the top ranked beer in the country. There are also a number of other brands manufactured by the company and among them are Bud Light, Michelob and Busch. The other activities of the company are in the manufacture of certain well known theme parks like Busch Gardens and Sea World and water parks like Water Country USA and Adventure Island."

Tags:beer, wine, spirits, drink, gallons, customers, budweiser, breweries, aluminum, cans

Abstract
The author of the paper makes a study of the stereotypes associated with old age. Through an interview with an elderly woman, the writer attempts to show how these stereotypes are reflected in the subject of his interview. The writer attempts to show that making assumptions regarding a particular person on the basis of stereotypes or pre-formed conclusions can often lead us to make unjustified assumptions regarding individuals and categories of people.

From the Paper
"Mrs. N--defied a number of stereotypes about the elderly during the interview, and also one research study which noted: "Gerontologists have long noted that people tend to disassociate themselves from the category of being old" (Jones 2006: 79). Mrs. N--did refer to herself as old, saying that she had experienced a loss, mainly because of her accident, and she blamed herself to some degree for the accident, saying that if she had been as sharp as she had been in her youth she would never have been caught by surprise. However, her refusal to go to an assisted living community because she did not want to only be around old people all of the time, or told when to eat and sleep--'being around a mix of old and young, children and people my age is natural, which you don't get in one of those senior places'--did show some defiance of the aging process. Overall, while her positive memories and portrayal of her struggles as a young woman could be read as a positivity bias, typical of older adults who want or need to remember the past as 'better' or fulfilling when gazing upon the next life stage, Mrs. N-- seemed to have a strongly realistic yet positive view of the world and her future years as an 'older person' that might be comforting to many people facing old age (Quinn, Mather, & Carstensen 2004:208)"

Tags:senior, italian, old, store, gerontology, young, youth, elderly, decrepitude, health, retirement, grandparent, children, physical, neglect

Abstract
The Endangered Species Act is one of the most ubiquitous examples of environmental policy. Under the aegis of the Fish And Wildlife Service, the act lays out protocols for listing species, the protections that species have, and methods of enforcement for violations of the law. This paper deals with the details, as well as the history of the Act and recent attempts by a political appointee from the Department of Interior to undermine it.

Outline:
Introduction
Purposes of the Act
Protocols For Listing
Major Exceptions to the Rule
Command and Control
Success Stories
Recent Attempts to Undermine
Conclusion

From the Paper
"One of the most far reaching natural resources policy, as well as one of the most ubiquitous, is the Endangered Species Act (Title 16, Chapter 35, Section 1531 of the United States Code). This was created in response to a finding by congress that various fish, wildlife, and plants have gone extinct due to human actions, and other species, which have many values in terms of science and aesthetics, are being threatened by human activity (Cornell University Law School 2007), and that in its most basic form, states that no person may "harm harass, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect any threatened or endangered species" (U. S.Department Of Agriculture 2007). This act has been amended several times throughout the years, and there have currently been attempts to make it harder to list a species, though recently, some rulings have been reversed."

Tags:interior, fish, wildlife, service, environment, environmental, policy

Abstract
This paper discusses suicide to gain an understanding so that an adequate infrastructure might be set up to minimize suicide attempts by addressing the various causes. The author states that the intent of most suicides is not dying but seeking a stop to their emotional pain. The paper points out that people who attempt suicide are often acutely distressed: Either as a normal reaction to trying circumstances, reactive depression, or as a diagnosable mental illness or clinical depression.

From the Paper
"For some patients, uncontrolled pain is an important contributing factor for suicide and suicidal ideas. Patients with uncontrolled pain may see death as the only escape from the pain they are experiencing. Different types of pain vary both in the way they affect patients and in their responsiveness to treatment. Acute pain is of limited duration but higher intensity. Chronic pain persists and often escalates progressively. The latter is more seen as a cause of suicide. However, pain is usually not an independent risk factor. The significant variable in the relationship between pain and suicide is the interaction between pain and feelings of hopelessness and depression. Suffering represents a more global phenomenon of psychic distress. Suffering is often associated with pain. Physical symptoms, such as difficulty in breathing can lead to suffering. Suffering may also arise from diverse social factors such as isolation, loss, and despair. One must consider the activity associated with the nervous system's response to damaging stimuli, nociceptin. A patient's pain reflects both the activity of his or her nervous system, and psychological, personal, and physiological factors."

Tags:infrastructure, depression, pain, reactive, illness