Abstract There are many distinctions between preparation and attempt in law and many different definitions of attempt that need to be considered when examining these distinctions. There have been cases that have set these definitions, and other cases that have toppled standing definitions and understandings in the favor of new perspectives. This paper examines issues of attempt and preparation in the law, going through a rational process of analysis, which serves to point towards the above mentioned distinctions between preparation and attempt in the law of attempt. The law of attempt itself is differentiated and categorized within the context of the report on the state and national levels, with the assumption being that most states treat attempts less seriously than actual committed crimes as a matter of programmatic policy. The concepts of preparation and attempt are presented in terms of summative definition and precedent and are also examined through the analysis of examples. The intended accomplishment of the definitions is then be assayed in terms of its bearing on matters of incidence and circumstance. The paper looks at proposed reform measures and addresses future concerns before concluding.
From the Paper "For example, if an individual decides to rob a bank, they might do surveillance on the bank, buy a gun and a mask, and perhaps involve partners who can come in and split the money between them at a prearranged meeting place. All of these actions are preparations for the crime of robbing the bank, but they are not attempts to rob the bank:
they all go on outside of the bank's walls. The individual goes about this preparation with the intention of robbing the bank, but these preparations, by their very definition, are not attempts to rob the bank in a physical sense at all. They are premeditated plans which involve robbing the bank as a goal. They are the means, if attempt is the ends."
Abstract This paper attempts to assess why Rachel, a fifteen year-old Jewish girl, attempted suicide, and what can be done to improve her quality of life. The paper prevents the fictional character of Rachel as a teenager who was admitted to a psychiatric ward after taking 10 Panadol tablets. Rachel's sister brought her in, disclosing that Rachel had had a fight with her father for dating the 18 year-old son of a Kosovan asylum seeker. The paper attempts to explicate the three primary issues impeding Rachel from gaining full confidence in her life: (1) infatuation, (2) inter-religion dating and (3) depression. The paper concludes by extrapolating lessons from Rachel's life to the experience of adolescence in general.
From the Paper "Human love and close relationships which involve social behaviors include issues at several levels and which are spread across through the subjective and the objective cultures. The processes involved in the development, maintenance, and/or dismissal of love are greatly influenced by several internal and external factors. (Tzeng, 1993, p. 83) It now needs to be understood as to whether romantic love is eternal, or would it fade as time passes? If love is to fade off, we need to understand as what are the consequences? For most people, these would look to be strange questions. Definitely, the songs, poems, novels, and films being witnessed by our society have shown love as the ultimate value in life and they can be energetic, overwhelming and perfectly blissful. Love is being believed by our younger generation as which makes the world progress; there is absolutely nothing which is not possible for lovers, love has no limitations and a life without having love is not a life at all and that exists forever. (De Munck, 1998, p. 17) But this is not the true face of love. Love is sometimes sad, and it can be as sad as death which is a supreme and mortal pain. It would lead to endless miseries for those involved and also for the near ones of the lovers. As time passes love tends to show its negative side and it leads our younger generation to depression and to commit suicide when they are unable to face its consequences. (Toner, 2003, p.39)"
Abstract This paper focuses on the attempts of Christians to convert Jews, including an analysis of their successes and failures. Much of the information available on conversion attempts has focused on historical efforts at converting the Jews to Christianity. As such the primary emphasis of this document includes an overview of historical efforts at conversion. In modern society, most Christian faiths - including those that once persecuted the Jews with much enthusiasm - have focused their efforts on causes other than conversion. Still, even in contemporary society there is evidence that certain faiths, the Baptist faith in particular, still believes they have a moral obligation to convert the remaining population of Jews to Christianity. Their attempts, successes and failures in this respect are explored in the second half of this analysis.
From the Paper "Other attempts have been made by the Evangelical church to convert Jews to Christianity, or to suppress the rights of Jews and the Jewish faith (Wikipedia, 2005). This trend began in early history, with Charles Semeon of the Evangelical church stating that the efforts at conversion including daily prayers for the conversion of Jews were as much a part of Christianity and "the finest flower of Evangelicalism" (Ragussis, 4). The Evangelicals have often been cited as agreeing with the Southern Baptist Convention, which suggests that it is the duty of Christians to continue in their attempts to convert Jews (Wikipedia, 2005)."
A comparison of the effect of risk and protective factors on suicide attempts in a group of tri-ethnic adolescents divided according to race, gender and age.
Abstract This is a critique on a research paper about self-reported suicide attempts in a tri-ethnic group of adolescents. It evaluates and critiques a study performed on a group of students pertaining to adolescent suicide. This study examines the multiple factors affecting recent suicide attempts in adolescents from three different ethnic backgrounds. The resilience model is used to describe and analyze the relationships between these variables categorized according to sex, age and race.
From the Paper "Adolescent suicide is a major sociological dilemma and one that is growing with time. Past research shows that suicide is amongst the top three causes of death in 15-24 year olds and that this trend is multiplying rapidly in the younger age group. [Rew et al, 2001] Females have been shown to be more prone to attempt suicide and some ethnic minority groups seem to be more affected than others. Not only is this behavior a source of grief to the loved ones but its increasing pattern have also made it an important social, and medical issue. Previous studies have shown that both external and internal factors have a significant effect on the statistics relating to suicide. Data has been collected to show that physical and sexual abuses have a significant relationship to an increase in suicide attempts.[Rew et al, 2001] Feelings of depression, hopelessness and inadequacy are also associated factors to adolescent suicide. It has been seen however that even if these factors are present suicide attempts can be avoided by the influence of social values, religious influences, and peer support or social activities."
Abstract This paper summarizes and critically analyzes three studies that focus on bipolar disorder and how strongly it correlates with both attempted and completed suicide. The first study, "A Comparison of the Medical Lethality of Suicide Attempts in Bipolar and Major Depressive Disorders" examines two diagnostic groups to determine whether individuals with bipolar disorder have higher rates of lethality in their suicide attempts than individuals with major depressive disorder. The second study, "Heterogeneity of the Risk of Suicidal Behavior in Bipolar-Spectrum," explores the connection between one's genetic makeup and his or her vulnerability to suicide and bipolar disorder. The third study, "Prospective Study of Risk Factors for Attempted Suicide Among Patients with Bipolar Disorder," examined common risk factors associated with suicide attempts. The rest of the paper discusses the purposes, hypotheses, assumptions, reasoning, alternate explanations, and trends in the studies. Lastly, the paper discusses the consequences that result from abnormal behavior from bipolar disorder.
From the Paper "For this study, researchers gathered a total of 307 individuals who had already been diagnosed with a mood disorder, which was a criterion one needed to meet in order to be included in this particular study. Sixty-six subjects had bipolar disorder I, 36 had bipolar disorder II, 2 had non-specified bipolar disorder and 203 had major depressive disorder. The second criterion that had to be met by all the subjects was that they had to have at least one previous suicide attempt in their medical/psychological history. Two diagnostic groups were formed from the total number of subjects, based on each person's diagnosis. Those with major depressive disorder made up one group while those with bipolar disorder made up the other. Each subject was then interviewed by a clinical psychologist or psychiatric nurse. In addition, they were each administered several assessments they were required to complete. These assessments included the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), the Brown-Goodwin Aggression Inventory (BG), the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS), the Suicide Intent Scale (SIS), the Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI) and Beck's Medical Lethality Scale (BMLS)."
Abstract This paper attempts to prove that victims of domestic abuse are more prone to suicide. The author reasons that the abuse that a victim of domestic violence suffers from goes far beyond just physical harm and that many times, emotional and psychological abuse that may happen alongside as well as independently can prove to be far worse than that of the physical abuse. The paper goes on to say that it is this psychological and emotional suffering that contributes to suicide or suicide attempts. Statistics in the paper include that of suicide prevalence rates in both men and women as well as suicide attempts by women that are domestic violence victims. The author does concede that although present research showed that there is a link between female victimization and suicide attempts, there is a lack of evidence on completed suicide due to domestic violence.
From the Paper "Suicide and domestic violence are two things that are all too common in American society and around the world. Domestic violence exists in places no one suspects and the effects on victims can be far-reaching and severe. An abused woman suffers damages far beyond any physical harm that may be done to her--and abuse is not always physical. Emotional and psychological abuses often occur independently as well as alongside physical abuse. Women may experience intimate partner violence for long periods of time or multiple times throughout their lives. The resultant psychological and emotional suffering contributes to the suicide or attempted suicide of many women in abusive situations. The occurrence of domestic violence and suicide in correlation with one another is difficult to document, as motives for suicide or suicide attempts can be complicated and difficult to ascertain."
Abstract This paper examines the attempts of Native-American Tribes to retain their cultural heritage despite many years of repression and attempts by the colonial majority to force its culture on them. The paper looks at the major means whereby Native Americans are trying to preserve and even spread their culture amongst the various groupings and tribes living today in the United State of America. The author then goes on to examine the historical background to the American Indian's cultural repression. He examines, in some depth, the rebirth of Native-American literature and oral history and its impact on the Native-American population and attempts to evaluate its success.
From the Paper "Individual Indians seek to define who they are through culture in varied ways, and are frequently challenged by distance. The revival of culture is centered around reservation life. Reservations schools attempt to transmit the traditions of the past, along with language through native reservation schools that teach language through a bilingual system or through submersion programs and yet many Native Americans live far from home and family, as a result of the pressures of modernization and the fact that economic and higher education opportunities are limited on many reservations. To many Indians it is a challenge to meet the goals of a highly connected social network of family and nation as distance creates change that challenges their ability to meld their historical culture with the white culture they frequently live within. Yet, it is also clear that individual definitions of self are strongly associated with family and cultural connections and traditions. It is for this reason that Native American creativity is expressed in novel ways through many avenues and medias as well as the reason why individual and collective vision become a constant recurring theme in many of these interpretations."
Tags: native americans, indians reservations history culture assimilation tradition
This paper provides an overview of the life and works of the great philosopher Immanuel Kant and will attempt to understand how Kant's philosophy of reasoning deviated and synthesized that of his philosophical predecessors.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, 2001, $ 48.95
Abstract This paper provides an overview of the life and works of the great philosopher Immanuel Kant and will attempt to understand how Kant's philosophy of reasoning deviated and synthesized that of his philosophical predecessors.
From the paper:
Emmanuel Kant's name is one of the bywords for intellectual rigor and ethics in philosophy. But an equally important part of the body of his work is Kant as a great synthesizer of the great philosophical writers of the pre-existing period. Rather than concentrate on Kant's ethical judgements, this paper will attempt to understand how Kant's philosophy of reasoning deviated and synthesized that of his philosophical predecessors. Such an understanding will better enable a reader to understand Kant's ethical imperatives and the reasoning behind them
Abstract This paper shows how Kenya has instituted a series of economic reforms in an attempt to raise the condition of the Kenyan people. They are an attempt to bring the Kenyan people out of a state of poverty and repression to one of stability and security about their ability to sustain themselves. Each reform has been better than the last, but they are still far from solving these issues in their country. This paper cites the reasons for this as being a need for the people to regain the feeling of nationalism echoed in the early years of independence.
From the Paper "Prior to1800 Kenya consisted of groups of small tribal governments. Kenya is grouped into more than 70 ethnic groups, Some of the ethnic tribes are large e.g. the Agikuyu who form a majority of the population within their homeland in the central province and can also be seen to be in large numbers in the other districts in Kenya. In the1800s the Christian missionaries and explorers come to Kenya in large numbers and established rule over the Kenyan people. [Africa Guide, 1997]. "
Abstract This paper reviews literature on how school districts are trying to finance their special education programs and facilities. It examines how the literature indicates that, in general, districts obtaining monies from diverse funding sources, attempt to use diverse funding formulas and have become more creative and more energetic in attempting to raise local/community level funds. It also looks at how they re-organize and improve current fund management and engage in socio-political and advocacy activities. It also discusses how more money does not necessarily guarantee improved ability to teach students and improved student learning and uses a value-added student achievement model to determine this.
From the Paper "One way in which the country's school districts are funding special education programs and facilities is that they are using a variety of funding sources. According to the Center for Special Education Finance (CSEF, 1999), most school districts obtain funds for special education from state, local and federal sources. In this regard, the CSEF reports that, on average, about 56 percent of special education funding comes from state moneys. An additional 36 percent of funding comes from local sources while the remaining 8 percent comes from the federal government."
Abstract This paper discusses suicide to gain an understanding so that an adequate infrastructure might be set up to minimize suicide attempts by addressing the various causes. The author states that the intent of most suicides is not dying but seeking a stop to their emotional pain. The paper points out that people who attempt suicide are often acutely distressed: Either as a normal reaction to trying circumstances, reactive depression, or as a diagnosable mental illness or clinical depression.
From the Paper "For some patients, uncontrolled pain is an important contributing factor for suicide and suicidal ideas. Patients with uncontrolled pain may see death as the only escape from the pain they are experiencing. Different types of pain vary both in the way they affect patients and in their responsiveness to treatment. Acute pain is of limited duration but higher intensity. Chronic pain persists and often escalates progressively. The latter is more seen as a cause of suicide. However, pain is usually not an independent risk factor. The significant variable in the relationship between pain and suicide is the interaction between pain and feelings of hopelessness and depression. Suffering represents a more global phenomenon of psychic distress. Suffering is often associated with pain. Physical symptoms, such as difficulty in breathing can lead to suffering. Suffering may also arise from diverse social factors such as isolation, loss, and despair. One must consider the activity associated with the nervous system's response to damaging stimuli?nociceptin. A patient's pain reflects both the activity of his or her nervous system, and psychological, personal, and physiological factors."
Abstract This paper attempts to analyze the use of child soldiers in Southeast Asia, the how, the why and the attempts by the UN to stop child violence and the use of child soldiers throughout the world. The militarization of the childhood of Asia's youth is, of course, a reflection of the militarization of society as a whole. For Asia, as well as other countries, we will see is not the exception, but rather the rule.
Abstract This paper attempts to deconstruct and expose the inherent patriarchal ideologies in Freud's psychoanalysis of his famous patient, "Dora". The basis of Freud's psychoanalytic theories revolved around sexuality, and his account of her "madness" condemns her sexuality and dismisses all feminine sexuality. This is a feminist critique of Freud's theories, in general, and specifically, in regards to his comments on the case of "Dora", which attempt to expose the unconscious assumptions that Freud saw in everyone else but himself. The contention of this paper is thus that the society and culture and gender of an individual directly influences his or her perception and interpretation of another individual, and thus Freud, as a privileged, white man in a patriarchal society, could never hope to help or analyse "Dora" accurately.
From the Paper "For Dr Sigmund Freud the case analysis of "Dora" signified the possibility of proclaiming a marriage between dream analysis and psychoanalysis to the psychoanalytic community (Freud, 1901/1905: 44ff.). Yet it was never the woman in analysis who was of importance for either Freud or the psychoanalytic community. Ida Bauer was never important and nor was her Symbolic representation, Dora. Indeed all the women within Dora's case are characterised as ?nothing,? no woman is important (Gallop, 1985: 216). It might be argued that we can never truly know the content of Ida's "nothingness" because Dora was Freud's invention, his interpretation, biases and desires postured onto her feminine form (Geargear, 1985: 177). However we need not know Ida's real life story as Freud's narration of her is more indicative of Ida's status as a woman within a patriarchal society than any autobiographical account could ever have been. Thus Dora becomes a fluid character who need not claim a "real" identity or to be set in an historical moment for she exceeds Ida and is instead the transcendent woman; her hysteria is every woman's hysteria."
Abstract This paper describes the alcoholic beverage industry in the United States and its expansion capacity. The paper attempts to study the situation of the beer companies in some parts of the world where the highest expansion is taking place and how there are attempts by companies to spread into other countries to maintain their rates of growth.
From the Paper "The largest brewery in the world is Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. with its head office situated at 1, Busch Place, St. Louis, MO 63118. According to the philosophy of the company it wants to be the life of the party in all its operation, in both its theme parks as also its breweries. Apart from the brewery operations, the company is one of the largest among the theme park operators, manufacturers of aluminum cans in the United States and the largest recycler of aluminum cans in the world. The share of the company in the United States in the sales of Beer with a share of just less than 50 percent and the company has the brand called Budweiser, which is the top ranked beer in the country. There are also a number of other brands manufactured by the company and among them are Bud Light, Michelob and Busch. The other activities of the company are in the manufacture of certain well known theme parks like Busch Gardens and Sea World and water parks like Water Country USA and Adventure Island."
Abstract By discussing the beliefs, works and philosophies of Saint Anselm and Descartes, this report attempts to prove that God exists. Descartes has been credited with one of the most interesting but also one of the least understood arguments in regard to the existence of God. Fascination with his argument comes from the fact that his effort to prove God's existence was a very simple premise. The paper shows that Saint Anselm's goal was to prove the existence of God with logical and philosophical understanding which, in modern times, has often been interpreted as an attempt to replace the 'faith' side of the argument.
From the Paper "Saint Anselm defined God by first saying that there could be nothing greater than God. Saint Anselm used the argument that all things in existence existed through one thing and that every existing thing exists either through something or through nothing. Since nothing can exist through nothing, everything must exists through something. That something was God. "Thus Christian philosophy for Anselm does not mean a dialectical process which begins with everyday, external and common-sense things, whose reality is accepted at their face value by all mankind, and then proceeds to demonstrate certain less evident, or perhaps even entirely unknown, truths..."
