Abstract
There are many distinctions between preparation and attempt in law and many different definitions of attempt that need to be considered when examining these distinctions. There have been cases that have set these definitions, and other cases that have toppled standing definitions and understandings in the favor of new perspectives. This paper examines issues of attempt and preparation in the law, going through a rational process of analysis, which serves to point towards the above mentioned distinctions between preparation and attempt in the law of attempt. The law of attempt itself is differentiated and categorized within the context of the report on the state and national levels, with the assumption being that most states treat attempts less seriously than actual committed crimes as a matter of programmatic policy. The concepts of preparation and attempt are presented in terms of summative definition and precedent and are also examined through the analysis of examples. The intended accomplishment of the definitions is then be assayed in terms of its bearing on matters of incidence and circumstance. The paper looks at proposed reform measures and addresses future concerns before concluding.

From the Paper
"For example, if an individual decides to rob a bank, they might do surveillance on the bank, buy a gun and a mask, and perhaps involve partners who can come in and split the money between them at a prearranged meeting place. All of these actions are preparations for the crime of robbing the bank, but they are not attempts to rob the bank:
they all go on outside of the bank's walls. The individual goes about this preparation with the intention of robbing the bank, but these preparations, by their very definition, are not attempts to rob the bank in a physical sense at all. They are premeditated plans which involve robbing the bank as a goal. They are the means, if attempt is the ends."

Tags:criminal, justice, lawyer, legal

Abstract
Few events in Chinese history have evoked as much controversy as the Hundred Flowers Campaign. The central controversy revolves around the issue of whether it was a genuine attempt to solicit criticism of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), or merely a cynical ploy to expose dissenters, so that they could be ruthlessly dealt with via imprisonment, exile for "re-education" and "reform" to the countryside, or execution. In this essay it will be argued that the Hundred Flowers Campaign was initially a genuine attempt to allow at least a modicum of dissent. However, when it became clear that the floodgates had been opened, the volume of criticism quickly became far more than the authorities - particularly Chairman Mao - were prepared to tolerate.

From the Paper
Topic 6: Was the "Hundred Flowers" Movement of 1957 a Genuine Attempt to Solicit Criticism of the Chinese Communist Party, or a Ploy to Expose Dissenters? Few events in Chinese history have evoked as much controversy as the Hundred Flowers Campaign. The central controversy revolves around the issue of whether it was a genuine attempt to solicit criticism of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), or merely a cynical ploy to expose dissenters, so that they could be ruthlessly dealt with via imprisonment, exile for "re-education" and "reform" to the countryside, or execution. In this essay it will be argued that the Hundred Flowers Campaign was

Tags:china, mao, flowers

Abstract
This paper critically analyzes Descartes attempt at proving God exists in the Third Meditation of his "Meditations on First Philosophy". After thoroughly explaining how the argument unfolds in the original text, the writer offers two lines of objections that undercut his proof which focus on his claim that he has a "clear and distinct" idea of God and the relationship Descartes claims exists between the objective reality of an idea and the formal reality of the thing represented by that idea. (It also clearly defines all of these terms.)

From the Paper
"In the Third Meditation of his Meditations on First Philosophy, Rene Descartes presents his first proof of God's existence by characterizing the nature of ideas, examining the relationship between causes and effects, and defining the relationships between ideas and the things or concepts they represent. He then applies these results to the clear and distinct idea of God he claims to have. Descartes systematically defines each of these components to build the premises for his argument in such a way that the conclusion that God exists immediately and obviously follows. As such, if one is going to deny that Descartes has irrefutably proved God's existence, one must find fault in at least one of these premises. This will be the strategy that I will employ in this paper. After laying out the premises of Descartes' first proof of God's existence and the justification he employs for each one, I will argue that his argument ultimately fails because he does not sufficient justify two of the most important premises. First, I will argue that he does not - and perhaps cannot - sufficiently prove that he really has a "clear and distinct" idea of a perfect God. Second, I will argue that he does not properly justify his claim that there is a direct relationship between the objective reality of an idea and the formal reality of the thing that causes the idea."

Tags:existence, god, ideas, meditation, objective, proof, reality

Abstract
This paper examines the internal conflict that Somalia has faced since civil war broke out there in the early 1990s. First a brief background of the war is given. Then, the debate on how the situation in Somalia should be handled is explored, which includes the role of the UN and the transitional Somali government. The author suggests various methods to bring stability to the political and economic situation in Somalia. These include a look at security issues, the problems of piracy and combating poverty. This proposal, which the author describes as liberal and optimistic with the potential to bring change to the war torn and fragile state of Somalia is presented in-depth throughout the paper.

From the Paper
"The problems in Somalia are complex and multifaceted. Any solution will have to address the situation from the ground up and will have to analyze and rebuild many of the institutions and political systems that were once in place. It is extremely unlikely that this process will happen quickly and effortlessly as it will require commitment and cooperation on the parts of Western and African countries, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Inter-Governmental Organizations (IGOs). In order to fully understand the current situation in Somalia however, we must first examine its past and the ways in which the seeds of current problems were sewn."

Tags:Africa, civil war, piracy, Mogadishu, Failed States

Abstract
This paper is a critique of the effectiveness of innovation in playwriting. Three plays are addressed: "The Orestria" by Aeschylus, "Mandrogola" by Machiavelli, and "Mother Courage" by Brecht. There is an emphasis on Brecht as the inventor of the epic drama, or a non-linear production of a drama.

Abstract
The Canadian government has recognized that there is a large disparity between salaries between males and females for similar work. The government has moved in a positive direction by creating partnerships with big business to ensure that increased opportunities for advancement and development are available regardless of gender. Technology has also played a key part in creating alternative platforms that place women on equal footing.

From the Paper
Man vs. Woman: Canada's attempt to bridge the gender gap Equal work with lesser pay, has been a staple of Canadian society throughout modern history. It has become more apparent as an increased number of women have entered the workforce and are striving to achieve success throughout all levels of industry. No longer is it acceptable for women to be seen as second rate citizens when it comes to pay and benefits. Even with all the changes in the modern workplace, the traditional barriers still exist. These unofficial barriers, often called the "old boys network", make it extremely difficult for women to rise to the upper

Tags:equal rights, salaries, opportunities

Abstract
This paper discusses the history of the Supreme Court in its rullings on African-American topics. It specifically details three important cases listed below in the table of contents and their historical significance.

From the paper:

"The United States Supreme Court has made many landmark decisions over the course of its existence. The most critical of these decisions have almost always directly pertained to notions of what constitutes an American individual's liberties. Because of the history of enslavement and racism in the United States, African American lives have perhaps been more crucially impacted by these decisions than white American lives have been."

Table of Contents:
I. Introduction
II. 1857 Scott v. Sandford
III. 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson
IV. 1954 Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

Tags:black, civil, law, cases

Tags:africa, american, bacon, colonization, granville, leone, monrovia, samuel, sharp, sierra, society, west

Abstract
The paper muddles on the evolution of the African American struggle coupled with civil right movements formulated- specifically the Black Panther Party- and focuses on the question of what the organization is, where it originated and spread, and why it was so popular.

From the Paper
Amid the turbulent struggle for equal rights for the black community in America numerous organizations and arenas emerged as potential facilitators of that laudable goal. The struggle was long and arduous, and various approaches arose as potential modalities to pursue the end most effectively. The Black Panther Party, which was established in 1966, was one such tactical approach. In its brief sojourn on the American scene, it attracted mega attention and an almost mythical status and reputation. Actions to cope with the potential repercussions of the Black Panther Party were numerous, and often violated associated constitutional norms within the American psyche for fairness and legal protection. Nevertheless to some powers that be on at that time, no more dangerous cadre of proponents of black rights existed then the Black Panther Party (Summers, 1993, 21). To those who opposed the methods, philosophy, and personas of the Black Panther Party, the need to crush the organization and nullify their influence within the societal complex of the United States was considered a crusade for the survival of this country itself. To truly analyze and come to terms with the importance and problematic issue of the Black Panther Party, it is necessary to review in some depth the overall complex involved in the struggle for black liberation in this country. The Black Panther Party occupies a decided niche in this puzzle, but it did not exist in a vacuum. It is a clear product and reaction to what preceded it.

Tags:black, civil, fbi, national, panther, rights, security, Johnson, emancipation, vote, franchise, community, program

From the Paper
"This paper will discuss the events which took place during the attempted Soviet coup of August, 1991. During the coup, Communist party hard-liners tried to take control of the Soviet Union and thereby restore the monopolistic power of their party. They were concerned with the democratic reforms which had been set in motion by the General Secretary, Mikhail Gorbachev. In addition, they were concerned with the rising popularity of Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Republic. Yeltsin was seen as a threat to the power of the Communist party because he was an advocate of even more radical reforms than those of Gorbachev.


Prior to the coup attempt, the Communist party had been the single ruling party of the Soviet Union for more than seventy years. The party first came to power under the leadership of Nikolai Lenin during the Russian Revolution of 1917. Later, the..."