Abstract
This paper is based on two provided summaries of research, the first to do with sex/violence and TV viewers' tendency to forget advertising; the second, on early attachment and friendships and adult romantic relationships. The paper explains that the first article refers to persons inured by sex and violence who fail to notice other material, and the second implies attachment theory and ideas of faulty attachment and its unwanted results. The paper's second section addresses details of an imaginary study of hockey playing 7 year olds, aggression reported or not reported by their mothers, and their behaviors observed at school.

From the Paper
"This paper refers to two articles summarized in different issues of the Science Digest that have been analyzed for their implications, looking carefully at the kinds of samples chosen and the method of inquiry that has been used. The first, "Televised Sex Impair Memory for TV ads just like Violence does, According to New Study," mentions an Iowa State University study of 18 to 54 -year olds that were said to somehow represent the composition of typical American households. (2002) The participants were divided into..."

Tags:articles, sample study, questions

Abstract
The writer relates that he recently gained his independence by living in his own apartment, away from his family. The writer reminisces how his independent life seemed so perfect at first and he truly felt liberated, however, as days went by, he realized that being independent is not everything he imagined it to be. The writer describes his feelings of loneliness and of missing his family, his need to spend more time with friends and his thinking more seriously of a future with a family of his own. The writer posits that living on his own has forced him to realize and acknowledge the people who are important to him and has made him realize the need to belong and be loved by others.

From the Paper
"I think that when people think of independence, one of the things that first come to their mind is having an own place. It seems to me that acquiring a place one can call their own has become a major indication of independence. When I was young I remember dreaming of having my own place, it did not matter to me whether I'm owning it or renting it, just as long as I have a place that I can call my own, a place where I can do anything that I like without having to follow anyone's rules but my own. When I was young, I thought that being independent was easy so long as I have a job. But now that I am older, I realize that gaining independence and being independent is not a walk in the park."

Tags:loneliness, freedom, company, friendship

Abstract
The paper looks at an article by Janet Gonzalez-Mena that addresses different types of attachment styles in infants. The paper first analyzes and discusses aspects from her article, such as what occurs when the infant is or is not securely attached and then it moves on to look at the author's opinions of this article. The paper concludes that her article is truthful.

From the Paper
"Multiple psychologists seem to agree that the behavior of the child is central to behavior of the adult that child will eventually become. Some psychologists, such as Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson, spent much of their life publishing theories relating to the importance of childhood development upon adult development. As such, one key issue stems from infant attachment styles--either secure, insecure or basically devoid of any attachment at all. One article which addresses infant attachment styles with adults, entitled "A look at the attachment process," written by Janet Gonzalez-Mena, posits that it is central to positive growth in the child that they form secure attachments with responsive adults in their early existence. Gonzalez-Mena opens her article with an explanation of how infants, while getting their needs met (food, warmth, etc), create a relationship with the adults around them."

Tags:attachment, infants, development

Abstract
The paper discusses how early attachment relationships in a child's life impact on the child's developing personality because they become models for future relationships. The paper examines how various attachment styles relate to factors associated with different interpersonal relationships, such as marriage and friendships.

From the Paper
"The knowledge that an attachment figure is available and responsive provides a strong feeling of security and encourages the person to value the relationship. All human infants without significant biological abnormalities, however treated, form an attachment to the persons who care for them (Bowlby, 1982). The quality of the attachment relationship varies depending on the quality of care experienced, and if these experiences are positive, a secure (good) attachment will result. The two main types of attachments formed are secure (good) and insecure (bad) attachments (Genuis, 1995). Although it is possible for attachment styles to change over time with changing circumstances, most researchers have found that attachment styles are consistent from childhood to adulthood."

Tags:psychopathology, psychology, neglect, coherence, interdependence

Abstract
This paper presents an overview of Reactive Attachment Disorder, which is a rare but serious clinical condition in which babies or young children fail to establish healthy bonds with their parents or caregivers. According to the paper, many children with this disorder suffered from neglect or abuse in infancy, or were orphans whose emotional needs were not well met by foster parents or orphanage staffs. Because the fundamental needs of these children for affection, comfort, nurturing and stimulation were not met, they failed to learn how to create loving and caring attachments with other people and are incapable of giving or receiving affection.

From the Paper
"Reactive Attachment Disorder is a rare but serious clinical condition in which babies or young children fail to establish healthy bonds with their parents or caregivers. Many children with this disorder suffered from neglect or abuse in infancy, or were orphans whose emotional needs were not well met by foster parents or orphanage staffs. Because the fundamental needs of these children for affection, comfort, nurturing and stimulation were not met, they failed to learn how to create loving and..."

Tags:reactive, attachment, disorder

Abstract
This paper explores and analyses the possibility of children making multiple secure attachments to people that may not be part of their immediate family. One of the vital aspects of this discussion is a critical evaluation of Ainsworth's 'Strange Situation' and how this is disputed by Tizard (1991). Another important aspect is transition from home into nursery and the importance of effective key workers relating to the author's extended school experience. Yet another feature examined is the result of insecure attachments and attachment disorders and the implications these disorders have within the nursery or school setting. The main theorists that are analysed are Ainsworth (1978) and Bowlby (1982).

From the Paper
"Belsky and Nezworski (1988) describes anxious attachment as children "who have been able to form a focused relationship with a discriminated and preferred partner whose attachments show an unusual amount of conflict regarding the perceived physical and emotional availability of the attachment figure". This can occur in situations where abuse is transpiring, where the child is attached to what the child would see as a secure base but the feelings are not reciprocated and the adult feelings are not accessible to the child. The implications of this sort of attachment can severely impact on the child's life within a nursery setting. The child may become extremely clingy to a key worker and refuse to be left alone because they are "still hoping for love and care" Bowlby (1980) as cited in Cassidy and Shaver (1999). "

Tags:Ainsworth, Bowlby, Tizard

Abstract
The paper discusses John Bowlby's attachment theory that suggests that the first attachment relationships which children form can affect their mental health for the rest of their lives, and that insecure attachments can be associated with anxiety, and lack of secure relationships in adult life. The paper provides a brief literature review and summarizes the main ideas of attachment theory. The paper concludes by pointing out that Bowlby's theories concentrate upon the mother as primary caregiver, but today this is not necessarily the case.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Results
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Attachment theory is the theory of infant bonding, usually seen as that of bonding with the mother. Bowlby, who was educated as a psychoanalyst, and certainly regarded himself as one for the rest of his life ("Bowlby always considered himself a psychoanalyst and believed that his work was in keeping with the best psychoanalytic tradition" (Cortina and Marrone, 2003)) proposed this theory in a number of papers presented in London, and this received a lot of opposition from psychoanalysts of the time, especially as it seemed to diverge significantly from psychoanalysis, and instead was seen as a more behavioral model of child development (Cortina and Marrone, 2003). He himself confessed that the idea was unpalatable for him at first, but eventually he found that the evidence supported his theories, and he felt able to present them (Cortina and Marrone, 2003)."

Tags:separation, anxiety, security, parent-child, relationship

Abstract
Reactive attachment disorder (RAD), a DSM-IV diagnosis that is made in childhood, has a profound impact on a child's ability to develop secure attachments. RAD often results from a child's exposure to extreme chronic trauma prior to age five This paper discusses a challenging case, encountered by the author, concerning a second grade male student who has been diagnosed with RAD. The major developmental and psychological issues impacting this child are explored and intervention methods for improving functioning of the child are addressed.

Outline
Part I: Overview/Description of Case
Part II: Assessment of Developmental/Psychological Factors Including Integrated Review of Relevant Research
Part III: Clinical Recommendations
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to Eliot (1999), attachment is so important because it is regarded as the main source of a child's social skills, security, and self-esteem. Attachment is a universal phenomenon among humans and is also found amongst mammals and birds. This suggests attachment has a genetic component. Eliot (1999) noted that babies who have been severely neglected or whose limbic systems make them unable to connect with others will not become attached. However, there is not any evidence to suggest that cognitive impairment, nutritional, or social deprivations play a causal role in the development of an attachment disorder (Hanson & Spratt, 2000)."

Tags:intervention, assessment, mental, health

Abstract
This study explores the psychological disorder known as reactive attachment disorder. This problem can occur when early childhood attachment patterns are chronically interrupted. The author describes factors that may contribute to this problem and the actual symptoms of the disorder. Finally, the author states that this study was initiated in order to develop a best practices handbook to increase the awareness of this condition and to provide a helpful approach for therapists when working with children who are or have experienced attachment issues. Includes charts and tables.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Limitations of the Project
Definition of Terms
Organization of the Project
Chapter Two
Review of the Research on Issues that are Relevant to the Study
Introduction
Attachment Theory and RAD
Diagnosis of Reactive Attachment Disorder
Implications of Reactive Attachment Disorder
Identifying Effective Treatment for Reactive Attachment Disorder
Synthesis of the Review of the Research
Chapter 3: Methodology
Introduction
CHAPTER 4: Product
CHAPTER 5: Conclusion

From the Paper
" When early childhood attachment patterns are chronically interrupted, children may develop reactive attachment disorder; unfortunately, RAD remains a widely misunderstood and under-diagnosed disorder (Doggett, Renfro-Michel & Sheperis, 2003). While studies have shown time and again that some children who experience early disruptions in the attachment process are able to cope with such events, others appear to be unable to recover, such as with children suffering from reactive attachment disorder. The symptoms of RAD vary from child to child, of course, but studies have found that a lack of ability to give and receive affection, cruelty to others especially pets, abnormalities in eye contact and speech patterns, lying and stealing, lack of long-term friends, and extreme control problems are common (Flanagan, 1999). Complicating the problem for clinicians are the number of behavioral disorders that can manifest during these early years that may mimic the symptoms of reactive attachment disorder, and the diagnosis of RAD is made only when there are no other likely causes for the lack of social responsiveness, such as mental retardation (Flanagan, 1999)."

Tags:attachment, disorders, parenting, psychology

Abstract
This paper presents a proposal for a true experimental design that tests whether attachment therapy operates to help adults by improving their general attachment patterns. It is hypothesized that if therapy helps to improve adults' general attachment patterns, this will be reflected in a shift from an insecure attachment pattern to one that is more secure with the security of attachment being measured by the Relationship Scale Questionnaire or RSQ.

From the Paper
"Increasingly, attachment theory is being used to help adults treat a variety of psychoemotional conditions. This includes posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Gratz associates poor psychoemotional development and functioning and even spiritual difficulties. This paper presents a proposal for a true experimental design that tests whether attachment therapy operates to help these adults by improving their general attachment patterns. It is hypothesized..."

Tags:attachment, childhood sexual abuse