Abstract
The paper explains why multiple system atrophy (MSA) is often mistaken for Parkinson's disease. The paper identifies the two main features of MSA, the two types of MSA, its causes and the treatments available. The paper also looks at the research being done on MSA.

From the Paper
"Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) is a rare, neurodegenerative disorder that was previously called Shy-Drager syndrome and is still sometimes called by that name. Shy-Drager syndrome was named after the two physicians who first described it in 1960: Dr. Milton Shy from the National Institutes of Health and Dr. Glenn Drager from Baylor College of Medicine (Baylor College of Medicine, 2010). It usually occurs in a person's 50's or 60's and affects men twice as often as women (Golbe, 2010).
"MSA is a disease characterized by Autonomic dysfunction such as muscle rigidity and tremor or slow movement. Many people present with the disease when they start walking with the legs held widely apart, presumably to help them balance. They have poor coordination and unsteadiness and these symptoms are usually misdiagnosed as Parkinson's."

Tags:Parkinson's, disease, alpha-synuclein, orthostatic, hypotension, parkinsonism

Abstract
In this article, the writer argues that there really are scientifically provable differences between the brains of men and women. Specifically, the paper explores how the brains of men and women atrophy over time. The writer then looks at how men and women have different intellectual competencies - differences which, broadly stated, suggest that men are better in the realm of mathematics and mathematical logic while women are better in the realm of language arts and visual memory. Lastly, the writer notes that evidence provided by Doreen Kimura suggests that boys and girls differ in their levels of aggression because they really do have minds shaped by widely divergent hormones. The writer concludes that it is simply not smart to suggest that men and women are exactly the same.

From the Paper
"Simply put, the process by which the brain atrophies in men and women is quite pronounced, can be measured quantitatively, and suggests that men and women experience varying levels of mental acuity and efficacy at different points in their lives. As an addendum, this sort of thing clearly indicates that the differing behavior of men and women in, say, their middle to late 50s is not necessarily predicated upon sociological constructions but upon differential aging of the brain and the changes in behavior this creates.
"There are also cognitive differences between men and women that suggest different patterns of competencies - not necessarily, as ideologues on both sides of the gender debate might like to argue, different intellectual capacities. For instance, a host of studies conducted over many years proves that men perform better than women when it comes to spatial tasks such as those that involve object manipulation and/or envisioning an object moving through space."

Tags:differences, sex, cerebral, atrophy

Abstract
This paper examines the research article "Cerebrospinal Fluid Beta-Amyloid(1-42) in Alzheimer Disease: Differences Between Early- and Late-Onset Alzheimer disease and Stability During the Course of Disease" by Teipel, Hampel, Pietrini, Alexander, Horwitz, Daley, Moller, Schapiro and Rapoport (1999) which investigates region-specific corpus callosum atrophy in relation to the pattern of cortical glucose metabolism in Alzheimer. It shows how the reviewed material examines the authors' primary research questions, their justification for the study, the general methods and main findings. The review ends with a statement of whether confidence can be placed in the findings.

From the Paper
"Methods involved a two-group comparison of AD patients (N=12) and healthy controls (N=15). It is noted that controls were volunteers but no mention is made of how any of the subjects were recruited into the study. Further, AD patients were not authenticated as having the disease; rather it was noted that some patients were suspected of "possibly" having the condition while others were viewed as "probably" having AD. Tests of cognitive functioning were administered to the AD patients showing that they ranged in degree of dementia from mild to severe."

Tags:glucose, metabolism, research, atrophy

Abstract
The paper examines the poem, "Hard Rock Returns to Prison from the Hospital for the Criminal Insane," by Etheridge Knight and highlights how Knight uses many rhetorical strategies, including irony, to narrate the drastic atrophy of Hard Rock's personality after returning from a mental institution. The paper explains that although the treatment in the institution tamed his vicious temper, Hard Rock lost his humanity, masculinity and strength by being there. The focuse of the paper is on Knight's assertion that institutionalization leaves psychological scars on its victims.

From the Paper
"They are young, poor, and usually uneducated (Cose 1). They come from high crime, racially segregated, and economically depressed neighborhoods (Cose 1). There are over 14 million of them who are mostly black or Hispanic (Cose 1). Sadly, these ill-fated men "will spend [much] of their lives behind bars inside the tangled world of our nation's prisons" (Cose 1). Who are they? They are America's prison generation. Etheridge Knight's poem, "Hard Rock Returns to Prison from the Hospital for the Criminal Insane," illustrates their strife. In this poem, Knight uses many rhetorical strategies to narrate the drastic atrophy of Hard Rock's personality after returning from a mental institution. Although his treatment in the institution tamed his vicious temper, Hard Rock lost his humanity by being there."

Tags:prison, incarceration, humanity, masculinity, strength

Abstract
Connie Panzarino's "The Me in the Mirror", an autobiographical account of her life as a writer and activist born with a rare disease known as Spinal Muscular Atrophy, is an inspiring story of one woman's struggle for survival and achievement. However, from the point of view of women's and disability studies, inspirational studies are not by themselves particularly significant. This paper will argue that what renders Panzarino's work noteworthy to students and professionals in this field is her repeated transgressing of societal taboos surrounding women and disability. As will be seen, Panzarino's focus on her body as a site of resistance - in particular, her assertion of her sexuality as a disabled woman - informs her theoretical critique of the associated constructs of patriarchy, ableism, racism and homophobia.

Abstract
This paper explains that the term "dementia" is used by the medical community to describe patients with impaired intellectual capacity; dementia patients may also be labelled as having "presenile" or "senile" dementia, "chronic" or "organic brain syndrome," "arterio-sclerosis," or
"cerebral atrophy". The author points out that two of the most common forms of dementia are Alzheimer's disease, which causes the brain to lose its ability and makes it stop functioning normally, and multi-infarct dementia in which a blockage in the blood vessels causes damage to different parts of the brain resulting in minor strokes. The paper concludes that patients suffering from dementia become in many ways like children losing control over their mind and become strongly dependant on others to function normally; hence, the people who care for these patients must do so with love, understanding and patience.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Dementia
Clinical Presentation
Cognitive Changes
Psychiatric Symptoms
Personality Changes
Problem Behaviors
Changes in Day-to-Day Functioning
Charlie
The Work Environment
Management and Treatment
Dealing with Inappropriate Behavior
Conclusion

From the Paper
"With staff that worked with Charlie, I will step into the world of Charlie who is suffering from dementia for the past 6 years; he is 54 years old and at first glance would pass of as an extinguished old gentleman, greying at the temples having an air of aristocracy about him. When
Charlie first started to exhibit symptoms of dementia, his family put it down to mood swings and thought he was going through a period of depression and tried to help him. At first there were upset over his forgetfulness but soon realised that something was happening to Charlie which he had no ability to control and soon they found out that he
was suffering from dementia."

Tags:abnormal, alzheimer, cognitive, inappropriate, treatment

Abstract
Th paper offers an overview of electrical stimulation and its history, the development and history of functional electrical stimulation devices and the challenges that still remain with functional electrical stimulation devices. The paper then explores the future in new hybrid systems that will enhance the ability of hemiplegic and paraplegic patients to stand longer and walk longer distances for a longer period of time.

Outline:
Introduction
Electrical Stimulation
A Brief History of Electrical Stimulation
Rehabilitation Considerations of Atrophied Muscles
The Development of Functional Electrical Stimulation Devices
Trials and Studies Done on Hemiplegic Patients After Strokes
Challenges in the Use of Functional Electrical Stimulation
Conclusion: Future Research on Functional Electrical Stimulation Devices

From the Paper
"Cooper, Ohnabe, and Hobson (2007) explained that electrical stimulation therapy is used for patients who need stimulation in their tissues and muscles that results in a therapeutic physiological response by way or a neurological pathway (p 158). The new technologies of functional electrical stimulation apply external electrical energy to the tissues of these patients. The response of the patient's tissues and muscles depends largely on the degree of stimulation that is used and the type of the response, and this depends on what type of mode is used, the quantity and quality of the electrical energy, and where the electrical stimulation is applied on the patient."

Tags:rehabilitation, drop-foot, muscles, atrophy, othoses, electrodes, gait, fatigue

Abstract
The paper examines the pathological sample of the brain of a dementia patient and identifies the atrophies, discusses the progress of the disease and how the brain would have changed over the years - as the disease progresses. In section three of the paper, the author speaks of the histological features of the brain the protein deposits and the changes that may have taken place over the years in the specimen in question. The final section of the paper relates to the disease-modifying therapies currently being researched.

From the Paper
"In this document, the author examines the pathological sample of the brain of a dementia patient and identifies the atrophies, discusses the progress of the disease and how the brain would have changed over the years - as the disease progresses. In section three of the document, the author speaks of the histological features of the brain the protein deposits and the changes that may have taken place over the years in the specimen in question. The final section of the document relates to the disease-modifying therapies currently being..."

Tags:dementia, cortex, cerebral