Abstract
This paper looks at the Nanking-related atrocities and the relationship between the individual soldier and the government in terms of responsibilities assigned for the bloodshed. The writer asserts that the 1937 Japanese slaughter of upwards of 300,000 Chinese in Nanking, China, was as atrocious, savage and bloody as practically any event leading up to and during WWII including the Holocaust by the Nazis. The writer concludes that the responsibility for these atrocities should be accepted by the military leaders but each individual soldier, who was out of control in a savage bloodthirsty rage, also must be held accountable.

From the Paper
"The biggest mass killing was carried out in Nanking on December 17, 1937, when the Chinese began slaughtering Chinese prisoners by the thousands. The 66th Battalion of Japanese received this command: "All prisoners of war are to be executed. Method of execution: Divide the prisoners into groups of a dozen. Shoot to kill separately."
"It is known that 14,777 Chinese soldiers had been captured by the Japanese, and of those, a majority was believed to have been killed on the 17th."

Tags:execution, hate propaganda, decapitation contests, barbaric accountable

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the arguments made in the documents The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability by P. Kornbluh, Toward an Alternative Conceptualization of South American Politics by G. O'Donnell, and Political Leadership and Regime Breakdown: Brazil by A. Stepan. The conclusion drawn in the essay is that none of the arguments made explain the ultimate cause behind the overthrow of the governments being discussed.

From the Paper
Breakdown in Democracy in Latin America Democratic breakdowns occurred throughout South America during the 1960s and 1970s. Political coups occurred in these countries, all for varying stated reasons for the collapse of their political systems. Guillermo O'Donnell posits a structuralist explanation for the collapse of the Brazilian and the Argentinean political systems, which created an imbalance between classes that was essentially insurmountable. Alfred Stepan, by contrast, effectively lays the blame on the leadership of the respective countries. Finally, Peter Kornbluh suggests that the reasons behind the collapse of these countries' systems came from external

Tags:brazil, argentina, chile

Abstract
This paper explains that "The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II " by Iris Chang describes events that happened four years before Pearl Harbor, when the Japanese forces destroyed everything in their way in their march to conquer the important areas of China, not so much for a military victory but to crush the state of mind of a people opposed to everything Japanese; the world has never condemned the Japanese nor has Japan apologized. The author points out that the book lacks objectivity and presents a one-dimensional view of both the Japanese "criminals" and the Chinese women victims. The paper relates that, from a historian's point of view, Chang does not delve into the Chinese government's role in allowing this massacre and other Japanese atrocities to happen.

From the Paper
"If there is one section of the book where the author spends an inordinate amount of space it is with the lack of responsiveness of the Japanese government to answer charges about the war crimes committed in Nanking. One can see from recent headlines that the Japanese seem loath to do anything about the atrocities committed during the War, including the "comfort women" important from the Philippines and Korea, and other atrocities for which the Japanese government expressed regret, but offered no reparation. She goes into great length about the silence of the soldiers themselves, the rise of many of these war criminals into public life and the private sector and the lack of reparations to the Chinese victims of this Rape of Nanking and other atrocities on the Chinese mainland. Unlike the Germans, for example, who continued to root out suspected Nazis who had taken government and industrial jobs, the Japanese smugly left them alone- as if to say "let bygones be bygones"."

Tags:world-consciousness, women, crush, destruction, governments

Abstract
This paper explains that scholars believe the atrocities, which took place in Nanking, were responsible for a variety of factors that originate deep within Japanese culture, very similar to the concepts within Nazi Germany's culture and their view of a perfect Arian race. Yet, the author relates that, for many reasons, including the U.S. guilt over dropping the atomic bomb, compared to Nazi Germany, Japan faced very little consequences for the horrendous war crimes committed during their occupation of China in World War II. The paper analyzes the rape of Nanking and other Japanese atrocities and compares the proceedings of the International Tribunal of the Far East with that of the Nuremburg Tribunal.

From the Paper
"Many internal Japanese historians have proposed the idea that the massacre is still too recent to devote historical study to the event. Still, many Japanese historians who do cover the Rape of Nanking tend to gloss over the significance and levels of atrocities which occurred on the behalf of the Japanese involved. Influential professors, such as Fujioka Nobukatsu of Tokyo University, have publicly stated that the real death tolls were far lower than the Chinese had initially told the international community. Yet, these opinions go without much international protests."

Tags:china forgotten, media coverage, sole responsibility, textbooks

Abstract
This paper strongly confronts the recent theories of Holocaust denial by discussing the anti-Semitic history of Europe and giving the statistics proving the number of Jews erased following World War II in Europe. First, the paper examines the philosophical influences of Adolph Hitler. Then, the actual suffering of the Jews during the Holocaust is detailed, from the death camps to those who were used for human experiments. Other sources of proof regarding the Holocaust are analyzed, such as "Anne Frank's Diary," photographs and famous speeches made by Nazi officials. The author concludes that there is considerable evidence indicating the truth behind the Holocaust and that claims made by deniers are based on their own anti-Semitism and have no historical or factual evidence corroborating them.

From the Paper
"Those who lived were used as subjects for human experiments. The most notorious of these physicians was Dr. Josef Mengele, who worked in Auschwitz. His experiments included placing subjects in pressure chambers, testing drugs on them, freezing them, attempting to change eye color by injecting chemicals into children's eyes and various amputations and other brutal surgeries (The Holocaust Chronicles: A History in Words and Pictures). One of Mengele's infamous experiments included working with twins. He sewed a pair of four year old twins together, back to front like Siamese twins and left them like that. Their wounds were infected and oozing pus. They screamed day and night till their parents finally managed to get their hands on some morphine and killed their own children in order to put them out of their misery (The world must know: The history of the Holocaust as told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum). Death was a fate far better than what those who lived at Auschwitz endured."

Tags:genocide, death camps, Shoah, Auschwitz, World War II, Holocaust denial

Abstract
The writer of this paper uses numerous and varying sources in explaining how American Jews were affected by the Holocaust by stating how their distance from the event compounds the difficulty of writing about the tragedy, both geographically and increasingly, chronologically. The paper also explains why Holocaust literature was not frequently written in America until the 1960s, when there was a sudden awakening of interest due to the Eichmann trial, the publicizing of which made the facts of the Holocaust newly accessible to Americans.

From the Paper
"Nothing remains of the six million Jews and the European culture that died with them. In their places, we have the multitudes of responses from those who lived to bear witness and those who experienced the Holocaust only indirectly. Lawrence Langer delineates the difference between the event and the symbolism, which has since accrued:
For Dachau, like Auschwitz and in a related sense like Hiroshima, is no
longer merely a place-name with grim historical associations for those who care to pursue them. All three have been absorbed into the collective memory of the human community as independent symbols of a quality of experience more subtle, complex, and elusive than the names themselves can possibly convey."

Tags:judaism, view, war, Holocaust, U.S., Jew

Abstract
This paper explains that journalists, statesmen, and historians claim that, during World War II, the Pope remained impassive and silent, despite the fact that he knew about the atrocities committed by the Germans. The author reports that, years after he died, it was discovered that the Pope was close to publishing a major encyclical on racism; but the question remains if it was just lost within the bureaucracies, or if it was purposely lost by Pacelli or someone else who did not want to rock the boat. The paper stresses that, finally, on Christmas Eve 1944, when the outcome of the war was decided, the Pope made a statement condemning the war, but not the atrocities.

From the Paper
"When he assumed the highest office, Pope XII had to decide what to do with the prior pope's encyclical. "The decision was momentous, because Humani Generis Unitas would finally, and publicly, have the church defend the hounded Jews by explicitly condemning the Nazis' anti-Semitism and calling for the cessation of the German prosecution of the Jews". Within the report, Pope Pius XI said, "It becomes clear that the struggle of racial purity ends by uniquely the struggle against the Jews. Save for its systemic cruelty, this struggle is no different in true motives and methods from prosecutions everywhere carried out against the Jews since antiquity.""

Tags:silence, encyclical, racism, jews, hitler

Abstract
This paper is a comparative review of three books on the subject of Japanese atrocities and war crimes during the Second World War. The three books to be compared are Yoshimi Yoshiaki's 'Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II', Judith Pearson's' Belly of the Beast: A POW's Inspiring True Story of Faith, Courage, and Survival Aboard the Infamous WWII Japanese Hellship', the Oryoku Maru, and Yuki Tanaka's 'Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II'. Although all three of these books deal with related subject matter, they take very different approaches, thus casting light on the subject matter from different directions.

Tags:japan, warcrimes, rape

Abstract
This paper looks at the pioneer of the reworking of mental health institutions and the opening up of several committees that have aided in providing help for those who have suffered or are sufferers of mental health issues. Clifford Beers' published his book, "A Mind That Found Itself", about his time in the mental health hospitals, it was here that he saw for the first time the atrocities that were being committed against those who were mentally ill. His book is a discussion and expose on the people and methods used. This paper looks at that book and how Beers was accepted by society after the publication of the book, also we look at how society has been affected by the publication of the book.

Abstract
In this article, using primary sources only, the writer describes the effect of atrocities on American soldiers in World War II. The writer explores the horrors of war witnessed by soldiers who liberated Nazi concentration camps in addition to their moral outrage at the genocide. The writer discusses the differences between WWII soldiers and those who served in Vietnam, toward reaction to the horrors of war.

From the Paper
While the phrase war is hell has entered the language as a cliche, the statement gains its power from its truth. American soldiers like soldiers from all cultures and in all periods of history have recognized that war is almost invariably accompanied by evil acts that go far beyond the carnage that one would expect from violent conflict between armies. In this report the horrors of war will be explored through primary source documents provided ... "

Tags:soldiers, World War II, concentration camps