Abstract
This paper details the morbidity and mortality risks of coronary heart disease in elderly patients. The writer stresses the importance of proper treatment and deterrence which is fundamental to developing the length and worth of life for the geriatric residents at large. The results of the clinical test data in this paper have confirmed that patients age 65 and older receive similar advantage from blood cholesterol decline as younger adults. Drug therapy in this populace, while safe, necessitates cautious surveillance and dose modification due to potentially distorted drug metabolism and concomitant medications.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Assessment and Diagnosis
Treatment
Combination Therapy
Conclusion
Resources

From the Paper
"The cholesterol that builds up in atherosclerotic lesions starts off principally from plasma lipoproteins, predominantly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Continuous hypercholesterolemia results in optimistic cholesterol equilibrium at the vascular interface, with more lipoprotein-bound cholesterol entering than exiting the arterial wall. This directed net invasion of lipoprotein-bound cholesterol into the vascular arterial intima speeds up the development of atherosclerosis. Oxidation of LDL-C in the subendothelial layers of the arterial wall, which can be shaped by triggered endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, or monocytes/macrophages, appears to be a key irreversible event in the atherogenic process. As an atherosclerotic lesion develops below an intact layer of endothelial cells, macrophages may discharge toxic products, including superoxide anions, cytokines, and proteolytic enzymes, which can lead to endothelial dysfunction."

Tags:health, cardiac, geriatric, elderly, medicine, treatment, study

Abstract
In this paper the author starts with a summary of the dangers of high cholesterol and identifies the diseases it can contribute to. He then proceeds to discuss the different types of high cholesterol that there are such as HDL (high-density lipoprotein) or CHD (coronary heart disease) and what the acceptable levels of cholesterol are. The paper then analyzes which treatments are available and in what instances they can be used. Finally the paper looks at the benefits of a change in lifestyle which can help treat high cholesterol and also the drug programs that are available. The paper concludes with a statement that the ATP 111 guidelines are for all adults not just for adults under the age of 65 years.

Table of Contents
Introduction
HDL Cholesterol
CHD Equivalents
Treatment
Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes
Drug Therapy
Conclusion

From the Paper
"TLC includes diet, physical action, and weight loss. ATP III persist to strain the significance of nonpharmacologic healing however be familiar with its confines by dropping the examination of these modalities from six months to 12 weeks prior to taking into consideration the use of medications to help in achieving optional LDL goals. In addition, the composition of the diet has been customized. One diet is suggested for all patients, as contrasting to the two-step diet suggested in the preceding guidelines. The ATP III suggests the totaling of plant stanols (hydrogenated phytosterols) to the patient's diet when early on attempts to change the diet have not resulted in reaching the LDL purpose."

Tags:smoking, hypertension, diabetes, diet, physical, weight, risk

Abstract
This paper studies the first and second laws of thermodynamics and attempts to explain why humans do not violate the second law. The paper looks at the structure of ATP and the ADP/ATP cycle. The paper also examines the induced fit model of enzyme/substrate interaction.

From the Paper
"The first law of thermodynamics says that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another. The total amount of energy and matter in the universe remains constant; it merely changes from one..."

Tags:ATP/ADP Cycle, 1st Law of Thermodynamics, 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, induced fit model

Abstract
The writer explains that in the set of experiments discussed in the paper, myosin and actomyosin were isolated and gradually purified from rabbit muscle myofibrils. The two proteins were initially precipitated together out of solution, in order to remove any impurities. Then, the two proteins could be separated from each other, by taking advantage of differential solubility. The writer notes that after each time they were re-suspended or redissolved, the solutions were centrifuged in order to further improve purity. Any solution containing the contractile proteins or ATP were kept on ice during the experiments, and stored in a freezer at all other times. The writer discusses that using the Bradford protein assay and the SDS-PAGE, the concentrations and weights of the purified proteins in the final solutions were measured. For all protein samples, no appreciable concentration of protein could be detected after diluting the samples by 100 times. However, the other two dilutions yielded normal results.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion

From the Paper
"The head of the myosin is the part which interacts with the other molecules. Without ATP, the myosin head is bound tightly to the actin, called the rigor state. However, ATP weakens this interaction by opening a cleft in the myosin head and disrupting the actin-binding site. When the myosin head is free of actin, it hydrolyzes ATP to ADP. This causes a conformational change in the head that moves it to a new position, closer to the (+) end of the actin filament, (away from the origin site) where it reattaches. The dissociation of the phosphate from ATP also causes a conformational change, this time in the myosin head. As a result, myosin returns to its original state (the rigor state). Because myosin is still bound to actin, this conformational change exerts a force that causes myosin to move the actin filament. This is the power stroke. Essentially, contraction is a series of these power strokes by the actomyosin complex, the myosin head is moving along the actin filament through constant detachment and reattachment."

Tags:molecular, dilutions, calcium, ATP

Abstract
This paper presents a series of laboratory experiments which determined first that the rate of photosynthesis is proportional to the light intensity lit on the subject. Second, it shows how the light-independent reactions were dependent on the ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to form glucose.

From the Paper
"The most important source of energy for life on earth, photosynthesis is a process that we all rely on for our survival. In the cycle of life, oxygen is used by aerobic respiration and carbon dioxide is produced, which in turn is used in photosynthesis to produce oxygen and start the cycle over again. The two stages of photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions, are very different in their processes. In the following experiments we will study their relationship as well as the rate in which they produce oxygen. Using leaf discs with out oxygen, we will measure the amount of time it takes for these leaf discs to photosynthetically produce oxygen from water under varying light intensity. Our findings will show that the rate of oxygen production is proportional to the light intensity. Secondly, we will prove that the light-independent stage of photosynthesis is reliant on products from the light-dependent reactions in order to produce glucose. Our findings in both procedures will tell us much about the reactions in photosynthesis and the specific variables needed for its success."

Tags:atp, autotrophs, biology, botany, carbon, chlorophyll, chloroplasts, dioxide, energy, experiment, lab, nadph, oxidation, oxygen, photoautotrophs, photolysis, plants, reduction

Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the Na+-K+-ATPase (Sodium Pump)The Na+-K+-ATPase, or sodium pump is a highly-conserved integral membrane protein existing in almost all cells in higher organisms. The writer further explains that a human at rest contains cells that consist roughly of 25% cytoplasmic ATP which is hydrolyzed by sodium pumps. Approximately 70% of ATP is consumed to fuel sodium pumps in nerve cells. In the body, the autonomic nervous system heart cells are regulated through these receptors to modulate certain ion-kinetic structures to influence ion movement. The writer concludes that the sodium pump is involved in cell junction maintenance, thus ensuring that the heart cells stay connected with one another. The writer also notes that without this sodium pump, the body cannot function and the heart never develops.

From the Paper
"Description of the structure of this molecule is still uncertain, but information is available to define the amino acids involved in ATP and cation binding. The sodium pump, which is located within the outside membrane of the cell, grabs sodium and releases it on the other side of the membrane, repositioning itself to do so, then grabs potassium and releases it within the cell: Within the cell, ATP is bound to the empty pump, the N/A+ ions approach the pump, are bound to the pump until the pump is loaded with (3) Na+ ions, ATP is hydrolyzed, the pump phosphorylated, the pump reorients in the membrane and the Na+ ions start to fall off outside of the cell. As the Na+ ions are released, (2) K+ ions approach the pump, are bound and dephosporylation takes place. The ATP is bound to the pump, a conformational change takes place when the K+ is in the cell and they are delivered into the interior of the cell and the pump is ready to start again. Although it is difficult to explain the structure of this "pump," based on primary amino acid sequence, it probably possesses 8 or 10 transmembrane domains."

Tags:heart, cells, ion, molecule

Abstract
This paper explains that biomaterials are synthetic materials used to replace or restore damaged function. They should be biocompatible, non-toxic and non-carcinogenic. The paper reports that metals, polymers, ceramics and composites are the most commonly used biomaterials. The paper then details their use as synthetic orthopedic, dental and breast implants, in hernia repair, in gene therapy, to replace damaged organs, to enhance bone healing, to store and dispense multiple drug doses and multi-stage vaccines and other uses.

Table of Contents:
Biomaterials in Medical Use
Polymers
Shaped Bodies
The Ideal Materials
ATP Research Fund
PolyHap Implants for Damaged Faces
Polymer Chip
Anti-bacterial Implants
Breast Implants
Polyurethane-covered Implants
Benefits and Contraindications
Benefits
Contraindications
Implants for Malignant Gliomas
BCNU/Gliadel
Polymer Technology
Periodontium Regenerating System
The Invention's Specifics
The Future is Biodegradable
Hernia Device
Summary

From the Paper
"Periodontal disease affects up to 90% of the population and surgery has been the first choice of therapy. Surgery, however, does not restore lost periodontium. Restoration can happen if periodontal ligament cells can colonize root surfaces over gingival epithelial cells, gingival fibroblasts or osteoblasts. The application of microporous membranes under periodontal flaps during surgery eventually brought this effect about. A biodegradable membrane would make a follow-up surgery unnecessary and benefit both patient and surgeon from further health condition and cost."

Tags:biodegradable, replacements, coatings, degradable, periodontium

Abstract
This paper defines respiration and distinguishes it from breathing. The paper discusses different chemical pathways in cellular respiration, such as the Krebs cycle, glycolysis, electron transfer pathway, production of ATP and utilization of glucose. The paper also studies aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

From the Paper
"Cellular respiration is the process by which food molecules such as glucose are oxidized to provide energy in the form of adenosinetriphosphate ATP for use by all the energy-consuming activities carried out by the cell. It differs from breathing in that..."

Tags:cellular respiration, respiration, respirsatory pigments, Krebs cycle, glycolysis, electron transfer reaction

Abstract
The writer notes that the objective of the laboratory describe in the paper is to observe mobile cells and their characteristics. Three distinct samples are viewed: plant cells from an Elodea leaf, a eukaryotic animal cell called Tetrahymena pyriformis, and myofibrils from a rabbit muscle. The writer points out that when movement is detected in the plant and animal cells, it can lead to calculations of speed. Both intracellular and inter-cellular movement is exemplified in the samples. The writer notes that cells are not only observed under natural conditions, but also after biochemical alterations. The effects of these biochemical changes are also noted. The addition of methyl cellulose enables more accurate observation of the animal cells, since it reduces their speed. The writer concludes that when the ATP was added, the decrease in size proved that the myofibrils are responsible for the muscular function and that the muscle is dependant on the myofibrils successfully working together. However, each cluster of myofibrils appeared to be structurally independent, meaning it was not connected to any other cluster.

Outline:
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Discussion
References

From the Paper
"The Tetrahymena cells were all similar in size, and were either circular or elliptical in shape. Their nuclei and cytoplasms were clearly seen, but any other organelles were difficult to distinguish. Whether they moved horizontally, vertically or diagonally, linear motion was consistent in all the cells. It also seemed like they each one followed a unique path across the field of view. After adding methyl cellulose to these cells, their movement became significantly slower, and deceleration continued until the cells stopped moving altogether. However, their movement also became random, sporadic and generally unpredictable, since they did not seem to be following any particular path. As well, some cells began moving in a circular motion, as if around an axis, and many cells began to gather in large groups once they stopped moving."

Tags:movement, measurement, cells, size

Abstract
The paper discusses a looming problem for the European Union and its welfare states Denmark and Spain. He stresses the fact that, on the one hand, people are retiring at younger ages and living longer, and on the other hand there are fewer people to contribute to pension funds due to decreasing populations and the use of technology instead of labor. The paper examines the pension schemes and demographic trends of Denmark and Spain and gives an overview of the welfare state.

From the Paper
"As Spain moves into the twenty first century, many of its citizens are being forced to give up long-cherished traditional lifestyles to come to terms with new societal demands. Traditionally in Spain, the elderly have lived with their children. But several factors are combining to change that tradition. One of those factors is increasing educational levels for women. As has been reported in numerous studies, as women's educational levels rise the number of children they have decreases. Today's Spanish women are entering the workforce, leaving them less able to take care of elderly relatives in the home."

Tags:pensioners, Old, Age, Pension, Act, ATP, Basic, Social, Security, Act, of, 1963, privatizing