Abstract
In 1953, President Dwight D. Eisenhower gave a speech called "Atoms for Peace" before the United Nations General Assembly. The events leading up to the speech included the testing of an atomic bomb in England and the United States testing of a hydrogen bomb, both events in 1952.

From the Paper
"HISTORY AND FUNCTIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

Early History
In 1953, President Dwight D. Eisenhower gave a speech called "Atoms for Peace" before the United Nations General Assembly. The events leading up to the speech included the testing of an atomic bomb in England and the United States testing of a hydrogen bomb, both events in 1952. President Eisenhower's speech called for "the governments principally involved" (naming the USA and Soviet Union) to make joint contributions from their stockpiles of normal uranium and fissionable materials to an international atomic energy agency set up under the UN. Part of that speech is included here ..."

Abstract
Woodrow Wilson did not possess the will to maintain peace after the Great War. The writer asserts that there were three ways in which Wilson contributed to the build-up of tensions before WWII. First was Wilson's failure in responding to the members of the Peace Accords in relation to the redrawing of German boundaries; his influence in tearing away predominantly German areas resulted in the planting of seeds for future war. The second reason that Wilson could not maintain peace was his inability to remove himself from partisan politics in America. The third reason was in relation to Wilson's "Fourteen Points", more specifically, the point of "self-determination." Close examination of these three points shows why Wilson is partly responsible for WWII.

From the Paper
"The Great War was a war of attrition. Many brave men on all both sides of the conflict, Axis and Allied Powers, met their fate fighting for their homelands during the years of 1914-1918. Never before had the world seen such a horrid war fought in the grand scope and magnitude of nations versus nations. Great sacrifices were made in part to the loss of human life through mechanization of artillery to the inception of chemical warfare. (Would such a tragic lesson be reason enough for peace among sovereigns?) Unfortunately, the peace was not afforded to the constituents of the Paris conference, nor those that threw away their lives in the second war that shortly followed in 1939. While there were many causes for the Second World War, it would be a herculean effort to name and attribute them all. A few of the major causes included the onset of war reparations since repayment would be next to impossible for the Germans to meet in the allotted time. Secondly were the sanctions imposed upon the size of the German military which was considered a measure of further alienation, and thirdly were territorial settlement disputes. All three factors were great causes that angered the Nazis to disregard the Peace Accords in the early 1930's with Hitler's rise to power."

Tags:accords, determination, great, hitler, league, nations, paris, peace, power, rise, self, treaty, versailles

Abstract
The question of whether or not it was necessary to drop the atomic bomb on Japan and the reasons for doing so is one of the most hotly contested historical issues today. This paper focuses on one of the many arguments against the necessity of the bomb, which deals with the policy of unconditional surrender. Many scholars argue that if Truman would have assured the Japanese leadership that Emperor Hirohito would not be dethroned after Japan's defeat, the atomic bomb would not have been necessary to end the war. The paper provides evidence to support this claim, but in the end, concludes that even the most ardent Japanese peace advocates harbored suicidal sentiments with regard to unconditional surrender and would still refuse to accept Truman's terms after both bombs were dropped.

From the Paper
"There were many advocates pushing for a change since the beginning of the war, but no real progress was made in this endeavor even after 1944 when high ranking military officials pushed for a policy change. They complained that losses would be increasingly heavy as fighting neared the Japanese homeland. Realizing that changing the terms would make the Japanese more willing to surrender, commanders began pushing Roosevelt to consider clarifying them. Early in 1945, Winston Churchill proposed at the Yalta Conference that clarifying the terms "would be worthwhile if it led to the saving of a year and a half of a war in which so much blood and treasure would be poured out." He proposed that after Germany was defeated the Allies ?issue an ultimatum to Japan, retaining the unconditional surrender wording, but defining it to allow retention of the emperor (Newman, 65).? Many others began coming to the realization that Japan was not going to surrender without assurances to its Emperor, and that this issue was a major obstacle to peace."

Tags:roosevelt, monarch, casablanca, conference

Abstract
The paper presents the thesis that the physicists instrumental in the design and development of the nuclear atomic bomb held a level of pride in their accomplishment as well as regret for its potential for destruction, death and war. The paper describes the Manhattan Project and examines the personal moral standards of the scientists who developed it. The paper shows how regrets were certainly held by Bethe, Oppenheimer, Haber and other scientists and physicists sharing in the atomic energy and weaponry projects.

Outline:
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
The Manhattan Project
Moral Responsibility of the Physicist
Hans Bethe
Julius Robert Oppenheimer
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The work entitled: "Invisible: Atomic Bomb Efforts in the US, USSR and National Socialist Germany" relates that governments and physicists both came to realize "simultaneously...that their discoveries had military potential. If any nation could harness the energy of nuclear fission in an explosion, a super bomb would be possible." (Open Society Archives, 2007) The second World War erupted in Europe in 1939 and the publications concerning nuclear subject matter "disappeared from scientific journals and the race to the nuclear bomb was on." (Open Society Archives)"

Tags:peace, Manhattan, Project, Bethe, Oppenheimer, Haber

Abstract
This paper examines nuclear technology development including a history that starts with Atoms for Peace in the 1950's. The author proceeds to review the newest applications being researched and developed today. The paper includes programs such as JET, ITER, MASK and AGR.

From the Paper
"Nuclear technology development began with American internationalism and industrial preeminence shaped by the Manhattan Project, the ensuing Cold War and the Atoms for Peace programs of the fifties and sixties."

Tags:nuclear technology development, Atoms for Peace, AGR, fission, fusion, JET, tokamak, Los Alamos, AFCI, nuclear reactors, Gen III, Gen IV, TRAC/RELAP, TRACE, NERI, hairy ball theory, NGNP, LFR, GFR, Brayton cycle, ITER, MAST, GIF, NHI

Abstract
This paper discusses the role of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and its efforts to contain nuclear proliferation and nuclear arms control. The paper explains that the IAEA faces significant international challenges in meeting the goal of nuclear nonproliferation, a reality that is further complicated by the agency's own efforts to spread some nuclear technologies for peaceful purposes.

From the Paper
"The history of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) can be traced back to the early post-World War II years. Shortly after the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan, proposals were floated to create a multilateral United Nations commission on atomic energy. The purpose of this commission was to provide some international regulatory capacity to what was understood to be a truly dreadful new kind of weapon. Unfortunately that early attempt, made in 1946, did not gain the political traction necessary to develop and was shelved for several years more. Years later, it was still recognized that the spread of nuclear weapons..."

Tags:nuclear, proliferation, iaea

Abstract
The following paper discusses the life of Linus Pauling, focusing on his achievements and discoveries. The writer discusses how in 1954, Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in chemical bonds and in 1962 he won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts on behalf of a nuclear test ban treaty. This paper also discusses his book "The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals".

From the Paper
Linus Pauling was born in Portland, Oregon, on February 28, 1901. When he was nine, his father died, and his mother eventually lost the drugstore her husband had owned. The family, consisting of Linus, his two sisters, and his mother, had to move into a smaller house. His mother took in borders, and money was always a constant worry for the family. Pauling was a good student, and loved to read anything he could get his hands on. He said, I have always wanted to know as much as possible about the world. As a child, I enjoyed reading and going to school... Possibly I am a scientist because I was curious when I was young... When I was eleven, with no outside inspiration - just library books - I started collecting insects... When I was twelve I began reading about rocks and minerals and started collecting them

Tags:insects, minerals, experiment, carbon, deserted, smelter, atomic, arrangements, properties, behaviors, material, substances

Abstract
The paper reveals that Pauling has been labeled the premier chemist of the twentieth-century for his work and awards. The paper describes Pauling's birth and childhood, college life, family life, and his many accomplishments. This includes his works on crystal structures, the nature of chemical bonds, the use of Vitamin C to maintain and restore health, as well as his efforts to bring about world peace.

Outline:
Thesis Statement
I. Linus Carl Pauling
II. Accomplishments

From the Paper
"You can find Linus Carl Pauling in many areas of research. This man basically wore a coat of many colors. Pauling was a chemist, physicist, humanitarian, nutrition expert, author, educator, and family man. Having accomplishments that are a mile long--Pauling has been labeled the premier chemist of the twentieth-century for his work and awards. (Wiki, 2007)
"Linus Carl Pauling, was born on February 28, 1901, in the town of Portland, Oregon. (Hutchinson, 1999) His parents were Herman and Isabelle Pauling, and he had two younger sisters. Pauling's, father died in 1910, leaving his mother and the children to make it on their own. Pauling continued on through high school, but did not graduate; because the high school required everyone to take a civics class and Pauling, felt he could learn civics on his own."

Tags:crystal, structures, chemical, bonds, Hydrogen, molecules, Vitamin, C, atomic, bomb, testing

Abstract
This paper provides an insight to the European Union. It begins with a brief history from the Treaty of Paris in 1951 with 6 countries until the current 15 member countries. It examines the effect of enlargement such as the political, economical, and cultural benefits and shows how adding the prospective countries would instill a greater sense of safety and peace. It looks at the 13 countries who are currently being examined to enter the European Union, the necessary economic and political conditions that must be met and the extent to which each individual country meets them.

From the Paper
"After having gone through two major world wars, Europe was ready for a settlement. This basic idea was the start of the need for a unification of the European countries, since this unification would be the key to finally keeping peace. In 1946, Churchill called for a "United States of Europe" that would have control over the production of coal and steel, two German resources that were known as being instrumental catalysts of war. The allied countries after the war felt that if Germany continued to have complete control over these resources, a future outbreak of war could be possible. As a result of this the six countries, France, Italy, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, became the founding members of the European Coal and Steel Community by signing the Treaty of Paris in 1951."

Tags:atomic, coal, community, culture, ecsc, eec, energy, paris, rome, steel, treaty

Abstract
The paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of Iran and its nuclear development program and the tension that it is creating within Western nations. The paper notes that the Iranian government has been involved in nuclear enrichment and development for years, and has hidden the program for eighteen years. The United Nations Security Council has ordered Iran to stop nuclear enrichment, which Iran has refused, saying it needs nuclear power, and needs to control its use inside its borders. The paper comments that the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has been involved in monitoring the situation in Iran and safeguarding nuclear sites in compliance with an international agreement, but Iran has refused to honor the UN and IAEA requests that it stop nuclear enrichment programs and stop building on a heavy water nuclear plant. The paper describes the debate and disagreement about how to deal with Iran and their nuclear program.

From the Paper
"While the IAEA is satisfied with some of Iran's policies, including Iran's experimenting with plutonium and the incidence of high-enriched uranium particles in the country. However, there are other issues that have not been resolved, including, "Iran's acquisition of centrifuge technology, contamination by highly-enriched uranium of samples taken at a university in Tehran, [and] Iran's possession of a document describing procedures for using uranium metal in hemispheres for a nuclear device and Iran's activities concerning polonium." While Iran has answered some of these lingering questions, they have not answered all of them, which makes many wonder about the exact intentions of the Iranian government, and leads them not to trust the government and to question its true intentions."

Tags:peaceful, means, inspections, technology, contamination