Abstract
This paper explains that the people of Hiroshima and Nagasaki had no way to prepare themselves for either the immediate or the lasting effects of the dropping of the atomic bombs. The author points out that the release of energy from this bomb caused massive, unprecedented destruction from the extreme heat, the overpowering blast and dangerous radiation. The paper relates that many people, who feared the complete destruction of mankind as a result of nuclear weaponry, concluded that the only way to avoid this unimaginable catastrophe would be to avoid all wars, even small conflicts that could escalate into an atomic fight. The author relates that the American approach to diplomatic relations with Russia during the Cold War was highly influenced by the existence of the atomic bomb.

From the Paper
"One Japanese Physician, Michihiko Hachiya, recalled in gruesome detail the moment the bomb destroyed his home. He and his wife suffered many injuries, and at several times he lost hope of surviving. He made it through the first day of chaotic post-bombing life. On the morning after the explosion, Hachiya wrote, "Everything was in a turmoil." Hachiya recovered and dedicated the next few months to helping other surviving victims of the explosion. Through the confusion of everything that was going on, he recalled, "One thing was for certain--Hiroshima was destroyed; and with it the army that had been quartered in Hiroshima.""

Tags:morality, horrors, conditions, warfare, secrets

Abstract
This paper describes the atomic bombing of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. The writer gives statistics in order to highlight the devastation. Also included is an eye-witnesses' testimony. The paper concludes by posing moral questions about the bombing of innocent civilians.

From the Paper
"It was on August 6th, in the year 1945, at 8.15 AM, Japanese time, that the United States of America dropped its first ever atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, so that its usefulness to the enemy could be completely destroyed. According to the then President of the United States, the bomb "...had more power than 20,000 tones of TNT ", and it was also infinitely more powerful than the blast power that the British Grand Slam, purportedly the largest bomb in the history of the world, had. The immediate and direct consequence of the bomb was that more than four square miles of the entire city of Hiroshima were completely and irrevocably destroyed, 66,000 people were killed instantaneously, and 69,000 more were seriously injured. Three days later, another atomic bomb, equally powerful, was dropped on the city of Nagasaki, Japan, and this bomb managed to destroy about 1.5 square miles of the city, and kill about 39,000 people, while injuring 25,000 more. The very next day, the Japanese government asked to surrender, under the 'Potsdam Declaration'. "

Tags:World, War, II, atomic, bomb, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Japan, surrender

Abstract
This paper argues that the United States should have used other alternatives to end the war with Japan in 1945 and that it only dropped the atom bomb due to internal and external pressures. The paper offers several alternatives, such as showcasing the power of the atomic bomb in a non-combat demonstration and the modification of U.S. demand for unconditional surrender.

From the Paper
"A fourth alternative was the continuance of conventional warfare. The United States could have continued the naval blockade of Japan. This would have slowly caused Japan to run out of food, ammunition, and other necessities and forced them to surrender. Moreover, as Bill Dietrich has noted, the U.S. could have continued the conventional bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which had already destroyed 60 of Japan's cities."

Tags:Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Enola, Gay, Pearl, Harbor, Leaky

Abstract
This paper relates that the atomic bomb has dramatically changed the world we live in and will continue to strike fear into the every day lives of civilians. The paper asserts that the making of the atomic bomb was inevitable, but the use of the atomic bomb was a mistake that will never be forgotten. The paper goes on to say that the atomic bombings of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 ended the bloodiest war in human history, but Japan was on the verge of surrendering anyway, so there was no military justification for the use of these horrific weapons. The writer concludes that if humanity fails to break free from the vicious cycle of wars, atomic bombs will be used again, life on earth will end someday in one final conflagration and the final page of human history will never be written because no one will be left alive to write it.

From the Paper
"Despite the fact that most Americans in 1945 considered these atomic attacks fully justified and felt no remorse for the massive death and destruction inflicted upon Hiroshima and Nagasaki, most Americans today have very different attitudes about the atomic bombings, and feel regret, shame, and revulsion when they think about the atomic attacks. Most of them believe that although the making of the atomic bomb was inevitable, it was a mistake to use atomic bombs against Japan."
"The Manhattan Project was established early in World War II because it was learned that Nazi Germany was intent upon building an atomic bomb. This political factor, combined with the relentless advance of scientific discoveries, made the development of atomic weapons inevitable. Consequently, a race to develop atomic bombs began, for they would be the ultimate weapon and whichever nation possessed them would be impossible to defeat."

Tags:war, radioactivity, fallout, weapons

Abstract
This paper explains that the scope of the effect the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki had on modern warfare and science technology is visible only when taking into account the intense scientific processes to create these weapons of mass destruction. The author points out that, at the dawn of World War II, Albert Einstein sent a letter to President Franklin. D. Roosevelt about Nazi Germany's efforts to purify uranium-235, which he warned could result in the building of an atomic bomb. The paper relates that, soon after this letter, the U.S. government started the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans. The author states that the bomb was tested successfully on July 1945 and, a month later, the first bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. The paper concludes that the atomic bomb was considered a "quick" and economical way to win the war; however, it was a cruel form of punishment for the Japanese citizens resulting in slow and painful deaths for many innocent Japanese. The paper includes graphs.

From the Paper
"The most difficult part of the Manhattan Project was how to produce enough enriched Uranium to uphold a chain reaction. Uranium-235 was hard to extract. Only about 1/500th of Uranium ore mined ends up as Uranium metal. Of this metal, the fissionable isotope of Uranium is rare. Fissionable Uranium occurs at a ration of 1 to 139. Separating one part of Uranium-235 from 139 parts of Uranium-238 is challenging. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate the two. Scientists at Columbia University first figured out how. A facility to separate Uranium-235 was set up in Oak Ridge, Tennessee."

Tags:manhattan, uranium, survivors, secret, implosion

Abstract
This paper introduces and discusses the atomic bombs that were dropped on Japan to end World War II. It examines how the bombs were developed, the use of the bombs and what their effect has been on the world.

From the Paper
"Numerous scientists contributed to the development of the atomic bomb with discoveries in several areas, such as physics, mathematics, radium, and more. Albert Einstein's E=mc2 helped physicists discover the speed and mass of atoms, and Eve Curie's discovery of radium gave them the material to make the bomb. The discoveries went on and on for several decades, and eventually, scientists realized they could create a devastating weapon."

Tags:Japan, World, War, II, invention, creation

Abstract
This paper discusses influencing factors on the decision to send atomic bombs on Japan during WWII. The author argues that atomic bombs used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were essential for America to win WWII.

From the Paper
"The peaceful town of Hiroshima, Japan was beginning its day on the morning of August 6, 1945. Many Japanese were going to work or still in bed. The streets were bustling with bicycles. All at once, a flash of light was seen in the air. A deafening roar and fire hotter that the sun's surface. "Little Boy" exploded with the strength of twenty million tons of dynamite. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan were necessary for the Allies to win the Second World War, according to their terms of unconditional surrender of Japan. In order to determine this, one must observe: One, the German Nazi's example to Japan; two, the strife between Japan and the Allies; and three, the arguments given by Secretary of War Harry L. Stimson."

Tags:blitzkrieg, decleration, east, germany, harry, indies, japanese, oppenheimer, potsdam, truman, ussr

Abstract
The paper outlines Harry S. Truman's presidency and looks at the history of the atomic bomb and the Manhattan Project. The paper explores the motivations and justification behind Truman's decision to bomb Japan's cities and considers the American public's support for this move. The discusses the view that bombing Japan would cost fewer lives than if America invaded Japan, but also considers the opposition of those who were against this type of warfare. The paper addresses the sentiment today about Truman's decision and concludes that whether it was right or wrong, the world must now ensure it never happens again.

Outline:
Harry S. Truman
The First Atomic Bombs
The History of the Atomic Bomb and the Manhattan Project
Motivations, Oppositions and Actions
Earlier Presidential Statement and Other Motivations
Pathway of Truman's Order, President Truman's Own View and Values
Only One Bomb to be Authorized
To Save American and Japanese Lives
Looking Back: Was the Decision Really Necessary?
The Bomb Reverberates Today
Today's Sentiments About Truman's Decision

From the Paper
"The first nuclear fission weapons were made from fissionable materials, uranium tetrafluoride and plutonium nitrate. Both are radioactive and toxic metallic elements. They were brought in from Hanford into a secret laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico in late 1944. Leading physicist Robert Oppenheimer and his fellow chemists gave form to the materials. The produced 1 gun-type uranium bomb, called "Little Boy," and two implosion-type bomb, called "Fat Man." "Little Boy" contained 135 pounds of 90% pure fissionable material, 2 pounds of which were equivalent to 15-16,000 tons of TNT. As the war with Japan proceeded and when a costly allied invasion appeared clearly possible, President Truman approved the use of these nuclear weapons against selected Japanese targets."

Tags:Pearl, Harbor, nuclear, warfare, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Japan, arms, race

Abstract
Discusses the bombing as a strategic military move, the response to the bombing by two American writers, and William L. Lawrence's view that President Truman's decision to drop the bombs was sound.

From the Paper
"During the summer of 1945 President Harry S. Truman ordered two atomic bombs to be dropped on Japan to end the war. There were those who praised and admired President Truman for taking a decisive step to end the long war. Others, however, questioned the..."

Abstract
This is a detailed study describing the progression of the Manhattan Project and the invention of the atomic bomb. The "Manhattan Project" was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. The author sees two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man's idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The author concludes that the building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century.

From the Paper
"We have too many men of science, too few men of God. We have grasped the mystery of the atom and rejected the Sermon of the Mount...The world has achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. We know more about war than we know about peace, more about killing than we know about living..." stated General Omar N. Bradley, Chief of Staff of the United States Army in 1948, voicing the opinion, shared by many of the time, towards the building of the atomic bomb. The "Manhattan Project" was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. There were two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man's idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The project lasted from 1942-1946 and cost approximately 1.8 billion dollars, which is comparable to 20 billion dollars today. The building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century."

Tags:Manhattan, Project, World, War, II, atomic, bomb, invention