Abstract The following paper examines the research provided on atmospheric depletion and its relationship to the survival of humanity. Issues like the greenhouse effect and ozone crisis are discussed. The writer feels strongly towards the serious danger from the pollution that is regularly released into the air and discusses, briefly, ways in which to halt the destructive process.
From the Paper "One way we are destroying our atmosphere is by releasing carbon dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide makes up part of a natural cycle of carbon involving the atmosphere, land, sea, and plant life (Neal 10). So what is the problem if CO2 is there naturally already? Carbon dioxide makes up a very tiny part of our atmosphere, representing approximately 0.035 percent (Neal 10). 0.035 percent seems insignificant, but consider that a rise of about 0.06 percent changes our atmosphere dramatically (Neal 10). Carbon dioxide is released into the air every time a fossil fuel is burned (Neal 11). Approximately two hundred years ago, the industrial revolution sparked an increase in the burning of the fuels (Neal 11). In fact, my grandparents reside in a small town in South Western Pennsylvania called Allison. This is one of a cluster of small towns in that region. I think that it is safe to say that about eighty percent of the homes in Allison rely on coal as the primary source of heat. Thank goodness for trees and other plants that takes in carbon dioxide and replaces it with oxygen. There lies another problem, though. See, there are not enough trees left on Earth to off set even a small increase in carbon dioxide because rain forests are rapidly disappearing."
Abstract The writer of this paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the effects of tornadoes, one of the deadliest atmospheric conditions known to man. This paper also details the event of May 30, 1998 in which a tornado hit the small town of Spencer, North Dakota. This paper examines the differences between tornadoes, hurricanes and cyclones. Tornadoes differ from hurricanes in that they form over land, while hurricanes form over water. This paper explores how tornadoes develop as well as the atmospheric conditions that must occur to form tornadoes, including vast thermal instability, high humidity and the meeting of warm, moist air at low levels with cooler, drier air above. The writer also examines a recent trend, called storm chasing which has become a popular, recreational sport. Professional storm chasers include meteorologists and scientists who study storms to try to discover how to predict them earlier and understand just how they form.
From the Paper "The National Weather Service (NWS) does have certain criteria that indicate certain weather patterns that spawn tornadoes. When these patterns occur, the NWS does issue "tornado watches," which can be upgraded to tornado warnings if the conditions persist or intensify. A warning tells people that a tornado may be imminent and they should take shelter immediately. Experts recommend that small, interior rooms are the best for shelter in the event of a tornado. Basements are good, but people should stay away from windows in any part of the house. Hiding under a heavy piece of furniture can also be a good idea. People are more educated about tornadoes than they were, and so they are better at protecting themselves when tornadoes strike. Many large cities have underground tornado shelters that help save many lives each year."
Abstract This paper discusses global climate conditions and the concerns of global warming. It examines the urgency and importance of the issue and the realization that there is a need to understand the geological implications and indications of atmospheric pollution and the contemporary challenges of developing transnational solutions for the problem. The paper contains an action table.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Understanding Atmospheric Pollution
Factors for Consideration
Mitigation Sustainability and Strategies
Proposed Mitigation Plan
Responsibility, Support and Development
Conclusion
From the Paper "The issue of the atmosphere is a social equalizer: everyone is vulnerable and responsible for it. It has been recognized as a major political and economic challenge with a social commitment to sustain mitigation of the issue. At the same time, there is a realization that many communities lack the capacity and the resources to develop effective mitigation plans for the issue. Therefore, there is need to emphasize that developing solutions to the problem can be developed and implemented successfully at grassroots level. Moreover, this would also allow a wider range of communities to become active in improving air quality research, social responsibility and response to the issue across social groups, cultures and other demographic characteristics. Therefore, mitigation plans should be founded in historic, scientific and socio-political issues in equal measure not only to effectively address the issue but to sustain its relevance for future implementation."
Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the scavenging of atmospheric organic contaminants from precipitation, specifically snow and rain. The paper also determined and quantified, from scavenging, the amount of polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in snow and rain. Snow scavenging of organic contaminants was being studied because little is known about this phenomenon and a large amount of precipitation, which occurs in North America, occurs in the form of snow. By studying the various precipitation the researchers were able to observe snow scavenging, the gas scavenging abilities of rain and the particle scavenging abilities of both rain and snow.
Abstract This paper identifies the aspects of a planet's atmosphere that influence its temperature. It also explains how these factors are linked to global climate change.
This paper explains that global warming and cooling of the earth's atmosphere have shaped the destiny of mankind since the beginning of time; however, today's climatic fluctuations may be man-made.
Abstract This paper relates that historians and archaeologists can trace numerous events to smaller climatic fluctuations, such as Europe's "Little Ice Age," which happened in the early Middle Ages bringing strange weather that caused famines, uprisings and withdrawal of northern Icelandic and Greenland colonies. The author points out that some people believe that the major threat to humanity is not diseases, crazed terrorist or the earth being bombarded by asteroids but rather world population growth. Environmental experts are concerned over how many people the earth's atmosphere can support. The paper stresses that a scientific consensus says the most direct result of the many gas emissions is a "global warming" of 1.5 to 4.5 degrees over the next millennium, and that is in addition to a more than evident temperature increase of half a degree.
From the Paper "The Maldives, a chain of 1,180 islands in the Indian Ocean now sits three feet above the ocean's surface. In his Los Angeles Times article, "Maldives Faces Global Warming Goliath," writer Dexter Filkins says that "the entire nation could vanish, Atlantis-like, into the sea." Last winter, these island states crusaded for marked reductions in global greenhouse gases. While the US has proposed that industrialized nations began to reduce emissions in 2008 (at 1990 levels), the 35 nations Alliance of Small Island States insists on a 20 % cutback by 2005. While the exact danger (and its arrival) is unknown, island countries are anxious about a five-year study by the International Panel of Climate Change that predicts that by 2100, sea levels could rise from 6 inches to 3 feet. If such a dire forecast comes true, the ocean will swallow most of the Maldives. The country's main economic activity, tourism, would be devastated."
Abstract This paper describes the origins of comets, large and small. The author points out the effects of the impact of a large comet with the Earth in Tunguska, Russia in 1908 and its effects on the atmosphere.
From the Paper "Comets consist of rock ice and organic compounds and they can be several miles in diameter. They are thought to originate from a region which is beyond the orbits of the outermost planets and scientists believe that gravitational perturbations jolt them ..."
This paper is a complete research study focusing on the absorption of immigrant pupils from the former Russian Union into Israeli schools. Extensive literature review included.
Abstract This paper explains that the research is designed to examine if Israeli pupils and immigrant pupils perceive the school atmosphere and immigrant integration differently, and if immigrant and Israeli pupils differ in the intensity of their relationship in their grasp of school atmosphere and integration. The research involved 303 junior high school pupils, aged 12-15, in two schools; one school had a majority immigrant pupil population, whereas the other had relatively few immigrants. The author reports that pupils evaluated themselves in terms of their adjustment to school, their attitudes towards immigration, and the degree to which they identify with the State of Israel. The paper reports that the greater the number of immigrants in a school, the greater their sense of power, to the point where they are unwilling to pay the price for friendship with Israelis.
Table of Introduction
Theory and Literature Review
Immigration to Israel
Key Approaches to Immigrant Absorption
Immigrants? Encounter with Israeli Society
Adjustment and Psychological Difficulties in Emigration
Adolescence as a Period of Change and Transition
Culture, Government and Family in the Former Soviet Union and its Impact on Adolescent Adjustment
Adolescent Attitudes towards Emigration
Parent-Adolescent Relations during Emigration
The Education System
Priming for Absorption and the Reality
Organization of Teaching and Integration Activities that Create Difficulties for Immigrants in Israeli Schools
Various Coping Mechanisms Adopted by Schools for Immigrant Absorption
Social Integration with Peer Groups in Israel
School Atmosphere Research
Method
Research Population
Research Tools
Research Hypotheses
Research Process Description
Research and Findings
Interviews with Staff Members
Analysis of How School Copes with Immigrant Absorption based on Four Parameters
Summary ? Diagnosis of Coping Mechanisms
Discussion
Summary
From the Paper "The education system and schools were chosen to bear the brunt of this task of merging the communities because pupils spent so much time there and because of the school's influence in teaching language, the curriculum and teacher activities as well as peer pressure. The merger was formulated and implemented in the education system via the curriculum and teachers via full assimilation, discipline, adoption of the norms, rules of behavior and values held by the majority by the minority in order for the latter to resemble the former."
Abstract The paper discusses the "greenhouse effect" and the 1987 Montreal Protocol. The paper discusses the controversies surrounding global warming but relates that whether global warming is absolute fact or not, numerous scientific studies contend that greenhouse gases are emitted by virtually all economic sectors and the potential for global warming does exist. The paper lists the chemical benefits alternative fuels have on the atmosphere and global warming. The paper points out that the direct effects of alternative fuels on the atmosphere and global warming are difficult to forecast and impossible to measure. The paper includes images, tables and copies of appended sources.
Outline:
The Greenhouse Effect
Atmospheric Concerns
Direct Effects
From the Paper "Contrary to global warming theory, a study published in the Annals of Glaciology challenges global warming and contends that facts confirm the global warming concept to be inconsistent with trends of the Antarctic ice. This study reports that NASA satellite observations determined the Antarctic has not melted, and instead has increased during the last 20 years the. Claire Parkinson, a NASA climatologist who ". . . analyzed the role of sea ice in the global-climate system since 1979 . . . measured the duration of Antarctic ice seasons . . . and found nearly twice as much land that had seasons increasing by one day per year between 1979 and 1999 than areas where the opposite occurred." (George) Numerous other scientific studies reportedly support the recent NASA observations."
Abstract This paper discusses the importance and application and insights in Henry Stommel and Gabriel Csanady's article "A Relation Between T-S Curve and Global Heat and Atmospheric Water Transports." The writer explains how Stommel and Csanady shed significant light on the means by which to devise a more organized system of interaction that integrates the two independently observed systems of hydrologic cycles and global heat transport. Through their construction of given physical conditions in defined planes of the earth's atmosphere, they have created a laboratory for oceanographers to observe the behavioral impact of atmospheric conditions on water. The behavior of water is determined by its flow, which is a direct product of the location of saline levels.
From the Paper "This article provides significant physical formulaic insight into the means by which to extrapolate the properties of each system to reveal a cohesive dynamic by which these two systems may interact to predict and determine water flow and water levels in oceans that have enormous atmospheric implications overall. The earth is dependent not only on water, but a relatively predictable and consistent behavior of that water thereof. The more the geophysical oceanographer can organize the atmospheric and hydrologic behavior that sustains basically all organic systems on earth, the more effectively can science seek to preserve that system and better understand the ramification of various current environmental stressors on the effective functioning of those systems thereof, both now and more importantly in the future."
Abstract This paper discusses the importance of the setting the correct atmosphere in the classroom setting and discusses several important concepts that are crucial to designing a utopian education system. The considerations to be weighed include the discussion of modern issues such as child abuse that is caused by either the community or adminstrators, equality in education and the role and responsibilities of students, admininstrators and teachers, technologies and the classroom atmosphere and lastly, the practical application of teacher training. The paper exapands upon these considerations, paying special attention to the issues of child abuse and unequal education opportunities and the role that utopian ideals would play in the resolution of these issues.
From the Paper "Further, a utopian model must address the fears of teachers working in American schools. Elizabeth Anderson and Murray Levine note that teachers are often greatly negatively affected by concerns over child abuse allegations, and that many feel a continual fear being accused of maltreatment themselves. This has often created a "chilling climate" where both educators and students are afraid of physical contact. Anderson & Levine suggest that both teachers and administrators must be very clear in creating policies and defining what behavior is unacceptable. By following these guidelines, teachers can help to create a warmer and more caring environment that is more in tune with a utopian ideal."
Abstract This paper attempts to show that atmospherics positively affect retail and service industries by enhancing the products themselves (sales effects), by promoting a store/service/franchise's credibility (store image) and by creating a more approachable shopping environment. Three different experiments, which demonstrate these strategies, are discussed and examined in an attempt to explain just how these atmospherics are applied to society.
From the Paper "It is not an uncommon experience for many of us to have chosen a retail store for its environmental appeal, whether it is the friendliness of the employees, or the music playing in the background. Sometimes we are very well aware of these factors, but at other times we are totally oblivious to these influences. Where many would quickly disregard these background characteristics as nonsense, the reality of it is that they are specifically designed/manipulated to influence the behavior of consumers. Its most well known advocate, Philip Kotler, appropriately named it as the study of atmospherics (Chebat & Turley, 125). It is appropriate simply for the fact that these influences are present in the general background atmosphere."
Abstract The writer explains the causes and effects of the El Nino, which has an ocean warming effect, and the La Nina, which creates unusually cold ocean temperatures. The paper describes how the winds, the ocean surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation affect the natural climatic conditions in the Pacific region. The writer explains the impact these effects have on weather and climate in the United States. The paper examines the effect that climatic changes have on the economy. In conclusion, the paper states that the effects of the El Nino and La Nina create significant changes to the weather patterns, which are naturally created and affected, by changes in sea temperatures.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Causes
Ocean Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Circulations
- During Normal Conditions
- Conditions During El Ni"o
- Conditions During La Ni"a
Effects of El Nino and La Nina
Impact on Weather and Climatic Changes
Impact on Economy
Ecological Impact
Conclusion
Bibliography
References
From the Paper "Under "normal" conditions, the tropical trade winds blow from east to west, collecting warm water in the western Pacific. In the eastern Pacific, the trade winds pull up cold, deep, nutrient-rich waters down the equator from the Ecuadorian coast to the central Pacific. The warmth of the western Pacific results in a predominantly vigorous hydrologic cycle there with towering cumulus clouds and tropical storms that "radiate" atmospheric waves and disturbances across vast area of the globe. Heat and moisture lofted into the upper atmosphere by the clouds and storms are dispersed by high-altitude winds across vast regions of the globe.
During an El Ni?o, this situation is interrupted and the trade winds weaken, thus reducing the upwelling of cool waters in the eastern Pacific and permits the pool of warm water in the west to drift eastward toward South America. As the central and eastern Pacific warms, atmospheric pressure gradients along the equator decline, and the trade winds lessen even more."
Abstract This paper discusses that concerns have been raised about a rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The paper explains that the issue has been examined using climate models, such as the one called EDGCM based on a 120 year long model run, starting in 1985 with an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The paper relates that a global climate model such as this allows for a study of climates in the past present and future.
From the Paper "Such computer-driven models are one of the primary tools now used in climate research. The EDGCM model also serves as a learning tool for students and provides data to the public in a more easily-accessed manner than is true of some other models ("EDGCM: The Project" paras. 1-3)."
