Abstract
This paper examines the reasons behind the eventual creation of the Church of England by King Henry VIII. It discusses how, although problems with the Catholic Church did exist, on the whole society believed in its central teachings, participated in its operations and invested heavily, both emotionally and financially, in its future right up to and beyond the Parliament of 1529.

From the Paper
"Much of the reason why members of Parliament, who as lawyers and merchants had particular grievances with the Cardinal, allowed proceedings within the House to escalate - to the point that the Church itself was placed under the spotlight - might be sought in the satisfaction they drew from puncturing the taboo that the Church was beyond reproach. More plausibly, however, Parliament's eagerness to ridicule Wolsey stemmed from circumstances during the previous summer of 1528 when a severe outbreak of sweating illness broke out in London, claiming heavy casualties. A by-product of this epidemic was how it inadvertently contributed to shoring up the coffers of priests rather than doctors, since it led to the payment of more mortuary and probate fees. Such bitter experiences may have conceivably lingered in the mind of parliamentarians as a reason why debates were allowed to reach such venomous proportions. "

Tags:Wolsey, Henry, VIII, protestant, catholic

Abstract
Educators have long charged that the pressures of big-time college sports programs make a mockery of the scholar-athlete ideal. University presidents believe their real job is to preserve and create environments where new knowledge can be discovered, knowledge that makes life richer and more rewarding. But often, the public at large sees the university differently. The paper shows that, for these people, the most visible and vital role played by institutions is as a sponsor of athletic teams. In reality, sports are overemphasized on college campuses. The paper argues that all people would greatly benefit if concentration shifted from athletics to academics in the college atmosphere.

From the Paper
"The separation between the cultures of athletics and academics on college campuses is increasing, with different standards for admission and academic performance applied to athletes and non-athletes at all program levels. This growing problem increasingly jeopardizes the essential mission of our universities. It threatens to undermine the integrity of a system of higher education that has been widely acknowledged to be the best in the world. Intercollegiate athletics and academics are at a crucial juncture. The value system of commercialization is distorting the role and purpose of intercollegiate athletics and negatively affecting universities. A reform movement must be established stressing "Academics First (Shulman and Bowen 2).""

Tags:amateur, administrator, coach, football

Abstract
This paper reviews the laws passed in California regarding campaign finance reform, the intended purpose of those laws and the results they have had on campaign finance.

From the Paper
"The current campaign finance system at the federal, state and local level undermines our democracy. Every day brings new revelations about wealthy contributors buying political access and favors. Voters are frustrated with a system in which their voices are drowned out by special interests. The governments of the United States - whether Washington, Sacramento at the state or, local city hall - must be accountable to the people as a whole."

Tags:California, voters, fundraising, Political, Reform, Act, of, 1974

Abstract
The first part of the paper deals in depth with two of Tyack's arguments on school reform prior to the establishment of a centralized educational system in the United States: The social evolution argument and the balance-of-power argument. It goes through them in four distinct ways: by showing that educational policy is in turmoil, by questioning the need for reform, by concentrating on differentiating policy implications, and by examining varied policy outcomes. The second part of the paper follows the guidelines established by the first, but focuses on modern educational problems, rather than the problematics of the centralized educational system. The paper concludes that the educational crisis in the U.S. is not so much the result of bad public school education as it is the result of the inability to reach a compromise on the mode of education; that social and economic factors require diverse models of teaching; that societal value shifts bring about school policy changes.

From the Paper
"In The One Best System , David Tyack focuses on the origins of schooling in America and the emergence of mass education. He starts with an analysis of the problems of rural education during the 19th century and presents his readers with an explanation of how the changing nature of religious, moral, and secular institutions in urban areas affected the institutionalization of educational practices. From there on, he traces the development of the idea of the one best system , and how differing political interests came together to form a consensus on future educational policies. The main questions he answers include: which were the forces that wanted to centralize the control of public schools and why, what were the arguments of the opposition, how school structure changed as the result of centralization, and why the system ultimately failed to address the needs of the masses."

Tags:administration, crisis, education, educational, emancipation, implementation, outcome, policy, public, reform, responsibility, school, schools, social, teaching

Abstract
This paper looks at the National Standards for Arts Education as a place to start in assessing any state's interest in and support of arts education. The paper explains that to assess New Jersey's positioning on the canvas of American arts education, the debate and its contributions were analyzed for the past decade; the findings were unequivocal that arts education has a place not only in humanities teaching, but also in creating an atmosphere in which all children can achieve. It explains that wealthier school districts are more likely to retain arts programs under pressure, although it is the disadvantaged districts that would most benefit. The entire issue is assessed in terms of the possibilities post-NCLB, and the current progress of the states in terms of adopting the National Standards for Arts Education are also discussed. The writer concludes that it appears that New Jersey has at least nominally found a niche among the states more dedicated to providing arts education. It remains to be seen whether that education will be of the 'media' sort, or the more substantive arts education that demands continued student/teacher involvement in pursuit of generalized goals contributive to developing an aesthetic sense and possibly some mastery in an arts area.
Chapter I: Statement of Problem
National Standards for Arts Education: History
The Standards Themselves
Budget Issues
Quantitative Information
Qualitative Findings
Chapter II: Literature Review
Merits of Fine Arts Education
Educational Reform and Arts Education
How to Conduct Arts Education
The Standards Themselves
References
Appendix A: New Jersey Standards for Arts Education
Appendix B: U.S. Hunger in the Year 2000
Appendix C: Jasmine's Story
List of Tables
Table 2.1: States requiring arts credits for high school graduation
Table 2.2: Mandatory Status of Arts Education by State
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Reasons to Support Arts Education: New Jersey
Figure 1.2: Budgeted Funds for Arts Expenditures by Type of School
Figure 1.3: Budgeted Funds for Arts Expenditures by School Size
Figure 1.4: Budgeted Funds for Arts Expenditures by Region

From the Paper
"Four years ago, discussion concerning the place and presence of fine arts education in public schools would have been primarily a discussion of the need for the curricula in the first place and the financing of it. In the early 1990s, discussion of National Standards for arts education became prevalent in the professional media. Since the start of the Bush administration's No Child Left Behind initiatives, however, any public discussion of the present and future of arts programs in public schools is clouded by a new dominant educational debate; the new debate concerns whether NCLB signals the death-knell of learning in U.S. public schools, or is a way to raise up the academically disadvantaged. While this investigation does not attempt to find the definitive answer to that question, there is little doubt that the fact and progress of NCLB will have an impact, and arguably a negative one, on fine arts education generally. Whether it is having or has had a negative impact on fine and performing arts education in New Jersey is a proper question for the current research, however. It is probable that the answers to a statewide survey of fine arts faculty conducted for this investigation will help resolve it. Indeed, the question to be answered is how well New Jersey's Fine Arts Programs compare to National Standards, allowing for classification differences within the state."

Tags:school, administration, public, parent, teacher

Abstract
The paper describes how the fears that rose out of the Cold War had paralyzing effects on American society, and created an atmosphere of paranoia, complacency and anti-intellectualism. The paper also discusses how a booming economy created a sense of pride, peace and affluence that caused the 1950s to be romanticized as "The Golden Age." The paper shows however, how the 1950s can be used as an example to portray how society can go horribly wrong; the apathy and conformity threatened to obliterate American values like free speech and choice of religion, and held back nearly a decade of progress in the midst of irrational fears. The paper asserts that undoubtedly, the stagnation of the '50s was a major contributing factor to the revolutionary and reform movements that followed in the 1960s, and beyond.

From the Paper
"Americans in the 1950s were faced with a number of conflicting messages and corresponding emotions, relating to a number of different aspects of their lives. Following their triumphant end to World War II, the American people felt overwhelmingly reassured of their dominant status in the global arena (O'Neill 7), thanks in no small part to the development and usage of nuclear weapons. Yet Americans found themselves in a peculiar position when their monopoly on nuclear power was threatened by the Soviet Union's own atomic bomb (O'Neill 7). The fears that rose out of the Cold War, and their paralyzing effects on American society, created an atmosphere of paranoia, complacency, and anti-intellectualism (O'Neill 14) that was to become the defining characteristics of the era."

Tags:Cold, War, nuclear, weapons, religion, morality, segregation, conformity

Abstract
This paper examines the concept of block scheduling in education which is the overall strategy of organizing the day into fewer, but longer, class periods to allow flexibility for instructional activities. Block scheduling is used primarily at middle school and high school levels. It looks at how the expressed goal of block scheduling programs is to improve student academic performance and how some other benefits are increased student and teacher morale, encouragement for the use of innovative teaching methods that address multiple learning styles and an improved atmosphere on campus.

Outline
Introduction
Advantages and Disadvantages of Block Scheduling
Comparative Analysis on Block Scheduling and Traditional Scheduling on Academic Achievement
Block Scheduling Reforms Classroom Teaching Techniques
Effects of Block Scheduling on Academic Achievement
Popularity of the Block Schedule
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Another concern about block schedules is that it might be a problem for students who transfer. However, this concern is invalid because the implementation of a block schedule allows students to actually take more courses or up to eight classes per year instead of the six or seven in a traditional plan. While absences might be difficult to make up in a block schedule, some schools have implemented one day of Saturday school each month to give students the opportunity to make up work and class time. Since the traditional schedule has students change class several times a day, discipline problems might arise that might not occur with the block schedule because instructional time is not fragmented as frequently with the transition of changing classes."

Tags:classroom, class, periods, teacher, morale

Abstract
This paper discusses how little is known about Jewish life under Persian rule. While Babylon had one of the highest populations of Jewish communities in the world during this time, the significance of Jerusalem resulted, as it always would, because of the Temple. It explains that, during the period 450 BCE, however, a glimpse of the state of Jewish life within Jerusalem and the surrounding area and the reformational atmosphere experienced during that time is given by the events surrounding the return of Ezra.

From the Paper
"Of course this, rather harsh requirement points to two aspects of the Jewish life and collective psyche in the area at the time. For, although such a command may seem harsh, it is nonetheless reflective of the imperiled and challenged state of Jewish society during the time. After all, following such a harsh and long exile, there could be little tolerance for assimilation or laxity in Judaic religious practices or ritual. For those like Ezra, such a situation threatened the very survival of the nation and faith itself. However, in addition to the idea of the "imperiled nation" embedded in the Jewish psyche during the time (and, perhaps during modern time as well), it also pointed to the lax state of Jewish life and ritual in Jerusalem during this period as well as the turmoil that must have existed at the time these reforms were implemented."

Tags:ezra, temple, jewish, persia, babylon

Abstract
This paper discusses the influence of the Bible on the spread of Christianity throughout the world, drawing on four articles that have been written on the subject. The first article explains how the Christian mission grew out of the gospel, underwent a long period of global expansion through power tactics and today has changed to an atmosphere of dialogue and openness, instead of pushing people into one particular denomination. The second article provides background on Biblical passages that are widely used for mission purposes, and the writer identifies some important points made by this article regarding the spreading of Christianity through the Bible. The writer explains that the third article emphasizes the universal appeal of the Bible and the fourth article points out the importance of the Reformation and literacy in understanding the Bible. The writer concludes that this paper only contains a few examples of the historical and literary evidence that proves the substantial influence of the Bible on the Christian mission.

From the Paper
"Indeed, the Bible has enough dynamism within its chapters to "take on new meanings and new horizons of ideas" in this very diverse and changing world, Pathrapankal continues. The mission of the Christian Church is spelled out in Matthew's Gospel, Pathrapankal writes on page 62 of his journal essay. The author says that there have been hundreds of years of close analysis of this Scriptural passage - Chapter 28, verses 18-20 - and it still remains a "classic" passage which lays out the challenge of the Christian mission. So, not only is the Bible seen as a vitally necessary ingredient in the Christian mission, the Bible tells Christians as much."

Tags:Constantine apostles humanity, New Testament, theology translation Pentacostal Catholic missionary

Abstract
This paper discusses ways for nurses to meet the ethical obligation of keeping current in the cause, prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. The paper also emphasizes the important role that trust in the nursing profession plays in this process and concludes that the issue of infectious disease is just one scenario of a real situation that when submerged in the ethical obligation of nurses can increase the trust of the public in the field of medicine.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Situation
Development
Analysis
Leadership
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Canadian health reform agenda is two fold: it allows the government to deregulate while allowing the industry to partner itself with its members in assessing and evaluating nursing professionals. There is no greater leadership roll then as required by the Canadian health reform agenda. "

Tags:atmosphere reform, front line, hand washing, advocacy