Abstract
The paper discusses how Atlantic Salmon has drastically declined in Canada due to industialization and displacement, metal pollution, acid rain, global warming and climatic change, affecting a species that is a sea fish that spawns in fresh water. The paper explains how the degradation of both fresh water and the sea produce risks for Atlantic Salmon across the life cycle. The paper addresses how aquaculture has worked to increase contagious disease and parasites and presents a paragraph on promising conservation work supported by much scientific research in several countries.

From the Paper
"Environmentalism is often approached in ways that do not instill a sense of how biodiversity is threatened overall due to inter-related environmental threats. What has taken form to threaten Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L) in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Eastern Quebec, and related areas including Maine, shows the complexity of tracing kinds of threats and kinds of harm sustained, as well as the need to seek new solutions that consider a range of factors. Development in the Atlantic region after 1900 involved high logging and..."

Tags:atlantic salmon, eco reasons, conservation

Abstract
This paper discusses how history has traditionally taught students that the Atlantic slave trade was about the capture and torture of African people by Europeans and Americans over a 400-year period. The involvement of the African people in the sale of their own citizens to slave traders has only been explored in the last few decades. The paper further discusses how this is perhaps due to the fact that the realization that a nation would sell its own people in exchange for goods is almost unfathomable; yet, it is a realistic fact of the Atlantic slave trade. The reasons behind Africa's involvement in this manner include economics, fear and a struggle for power. Although some historians contend that these reasons expressed monumental concerns of the rulers of Africa, it is also apparent that not all rulers of the regions believed that selling their citizens was a just course for the nation.

Tags:atlantic, slave, trade

Abstract
This paper discusses how more and more scientists are now accepting that the world is undergoing unusual climate change. This paper examines the most important and likely ways that Atlantic Canada will be affected by climate change. The paper shows how climate change has the potential to have a devastating effect on the forests, farms and economy of Atlantic Canada. Natural Resources Canada reports that the latest analysis provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides more scientific proof that climate change really is happening.

Tags:climate, atlantic, canada

Abstract
The paper explores the historical uncertainty and explains that despite this, researchers and historians have grasped upon incomplete and historically narrow bits of evidence to support claims of the demographic effect (or lack thereof) of the Atlantic slave trade. This essay examines some of the difficulties associated with the demographic study of the Atlantic slave trade.

From the Paper
"Despite being centuries old, much controversy still surrounds the study of the Atlantic slave trade. The trade occurred between the mid 15th century and the late 19th century (Manning 835). During this period, large numbers of Africans were imported to other parts of the world, particularly the Americas, where they served as a slave labor force in the plantation economies of the region. While study of this period seems to be a straightforward proposition, in reality there are difficulties. From a demographic perspective, it is entirely unclear exactly how many Africans were taken as slaves as part of the trade. It is also uncertain how many slaves made it to their destination alive."

Tags:atlantic, slave, trade

Abstract
This paper discusses how specific theories and principles and parental involvement should be implemented in charter schools, as well as which key characteristics that should be incorporated into charter schools.

From the Paper
"In recent years charter schools have become an integral part of educational reforms in the United States Many parents whose children attend charter schools are enthusiastic advocates because they have the option to select the type of schools that may cater ..."

Tags:Paulo Freire, charter schools, parental involvement, students, teachers, oppression

Abstract
This paper explains that Ira Berlin's book "Many Thousands Gone" demonstrates that the meaning of slavery and of race itself was constantly changing as the nation moved toward independence: (1) Beginning in the early seventeenth century, the Charter Generation of slavery was a society with "black" slaves, indentured servants and Atlantic creoles whose position was determined by social and economic status and not by color; (2) The Plantation Generation, whose wearing labor was the sole meaning of black society and, (3) finally, the Revolutionary Generation who represent a freed black society. The author points out that, even in the worst of circumstances, slaves always held a strong card, the threat of rebellion; and, through negotiation, slaves not only carved out an independent social sphere but also they created their own world. The paper relates that, in each generation, slaves' and masters' correlation and co-dependence as well as the political and economical influence of slavery were important influences in the history-making of America.

From the Paper
"Ira Berlin described the political impact in all three generations. The primary reason for slaves, indentured servants and Atlantic Creoles to be imported into America was to work the hard fields and other tasks white colonials could not do. Although in the Charter Generation slaves could become masters and own slaves, whites did not allowed too long for this inferior society to compete with them. For example, Anthony Johnson, an Atlantic Creole who gained his freedom after many years of labor, struggled to negotiate and deal with white colonials. "Vulnerable black people paid premium prices for goods and services that white men and women bought cheaply," Berlin described."

Tags:religion, rebellion, work, economical, generations

Abstract
The European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) is one of the most important, yet also one of the most difficult geo-strategical elements of the European Union. Nevertheless, the ESDP has made some remarkable development jumps since the late Nineties. The paper shows that one of the reasons for this has been the Kosovo crisis, where the EU had to act as one to be able to intervene successfully. Another aspect has been the initiatives of France and Great Britain at the Saint Malo Summit. The paper shows that since then, the ESPD has made it through the Nice Contract and has been institutionalised into the EU Charter. The paper includes tables.

Table of Contents:

List of Abbreviations
1 Introduction 6
2 The Theoretical and Historical Context
3 Towards a European Security Strategy
3.1 New Threats, New Challenges
3.1.1 The New Security Dilemma
3.1.2 European Geo-strategic Objectives
3.2 The ESS
4 Genesis and Evolution of the ESDP
4.1 A Tour through Europe: From Maastricht to Seville
4.2 Evolving Objectives of the ESDP
4.3 Missions to date
4.4 What Kind of Power is the EU?
5 Aspects of Power Distribution and International Relations
5.1 A Special Relationship: Partners Across the Atlantic
5.2 The ESDP and International Organisations
5.2.1 NATO
5.2.2 UN
5.2.3 OSCE
6 Enlargement and the Consequences
6.1 The Enlargement Process
6.2 A View from the East: the approach of eight New Members
towards ESDP
6.2.1 Estonia
6.2.2 Latvia
6.2.3 Lithuania
6.2.4 Poland
6.2.5 Czech Republic
6.2.6 Slovakia
6.2.7 Hungary
6.2.8 Slovenia
6.3 Implications for ESDP
7 Enlargement, ESDP and the Balance of Power:
7.1 ESDP: An Assessment
7.2 Intra-EU Aspects
7.2.1 Germany
7.2.2 United Kingdom
7.2.3 France
7.2.4 Italy
7.3 Extra-EU Aspects
8 Conclusion and Outlook for the Future
9 Bibliography

From the Paper
"The development of the ESDP has been seen by some as critical to the EU's international influence. If Europe integrated its security and defense efforts, it could not only defend itself but also export security to others. Others have viewed the ESDP as a threat to the EU's strengths as a civilian power. For the ESDP to develop in a manner that does not usurp Europe's civil power, there needs to be solid, sustained political and military dialogue at all levels-institutional, national, and personal-between ESDP/CFSP and NATO, and between individual national governments and parliaments, not least the U.S. Congress. A successful European Security and Defense Policy will change the European Union's position in the international realm relative to security, including restoration and/or maintenance of the economies of the region."

Tags:CFSP, military, 911, NATO

Abstract
This paper explains that Magna Carta (Great Charter) of 1215 was created as a reaction to royal privileges, which have gotten out of hand. It discuses how King John recognized he must appease his barons, with whom he was haggling over grievances and demands, to keep order in the country. The author points out that each detailed clause clearly spelled out great changes in how England was to be governed, which, although meant to appease the barons, had a much more lasting effect on government and royal policy. The paper stresses that the final clause, which may be the most important of the entire document, includes the phrase "men in our kingdom shall have and keep all these liberties, rights and concessions, well and peaceably in their fullness and entirety for them and their heirs, ... in all things and all places for ever": This is the clause, which created a democracy in England and found its way across the Atlantic to America and beyond.

From the Paper
"To understand the underlying principles and organization of the Charter, it is necessary to understand the feudal system in England in 1215, and especially the barony. King John came into power at a time when England was at odds with France. Eventually, the English lost title to lands they had conquered in France, and this led to the first problems between King John and his barons. One medieval historian notes, "Barons who resented both fighting and paying to keep their king's continental lands resented the loss of them only when they found to their surprise that it meant the loss of their own lands in France as well as the king's." After that, there was never confidence and trust between the king and his barons. It was common practice for the king to levy his barons for his expenses, including his failed campaigns in France that had lost lands and titles."

Tags:reaction, barons, democracy, liberties, responsibilities

Abstract
This paper describes the United Nations in order to arrive at a better understanding of how the organization works. Specifically, the paper relates the structure of the organization, how and by whom it was created and the key issues surrounding multiple problems associated with the UN. Even though the UN makes many positive contributions to the international community, the paper underscores that critics are calling for the reform of the UN to make it a more effective organization.

From the Paper
"The key participants of these newly developed principles were the United States, France, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and China. The establishment of an international organization grew even closer on April 24, 1945 when fifty countries and a number of nongovernmental organizations (NGO's) embarked on San Francisco to attend the United Nations Conference on International Organizations to draft the future Charter of the United Nations."

Tags:reform, atlantic charter, multilateral diplomacy, security council, finance

Abstract
The major focus of this paper is on American-European relations during the period 1939-1941 and any actions and/or incidents that arose from these relations in this period. American Japanese relations are briefly examined but are generally beyond the scope of this paper. The paper shows the hostile warlike actions of the United States towards Germany prior to a formal declaration of war. Directly related to this, and also examined, is the support for and alliance with Britain by the United States in this period.

From the Paper
"On December 7, 1941, elements of the Imperial Japanese military attacked the United States military bases at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. The next day the United States declared war on Japan. Three days later Germany and Italy supporting their Japanese ally, declared war on the United States. The Americans now began their involvement in the Second World War. Or was this in fact the beginning of American involvement in the war? The purpose of this paper is to prove that the United States was actively involved in the war long before the incident at Pearl Harbor. American involvement began in earnest at the outbreak of the war in 1939 coinciding with its declaration of neutrality on September 5th 1939. From neutrality the United States moved to undeclared war and then to war itself (1)."

Tags:atlantic, charter, fdr, harbour, isolationism, lease, lend, pearl, two, war, world