From the Paper
"The Military Career of Ataturk during the First World War
This paper will discuss the military career of Mustafa Kemal, later known as Ataturk, during the First World War. The first part of the paper will briefly describe Kemal's life up until the war. The second part of the paper will examine the Gallipoli campaign, during which Kemal established his reputation. The third part of the paper will briefly describe his actions during the last years of the war, particularly his command of an army in Syria during the last month of the war. The basic thesis of this paper is that Kemal's reputation was based upon his accomplishments as a commander during the First World War and that this reputation was responsible for his rise to political power in Turkey. Consequently, this was one of the most important periods of his life since it defined his character to..."

Abstract
This paper is a biography of Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Ataturk that emphasizes his social and religious changes.

From the Paper
"Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was a man who transformed his nation. As a commander, Nationalist leader and the president of Turkey, Ataturk had the access and the power to make sweeping changes in the Turkish laws and culture and that is precisely what he did. Ataturk believed that traditional Muslim government had become obsolete and that Turkey needed to adopt new principles from European countries that had already surged ahead of his own. He accomplished secularization, modernization and purification and..."

Tags:Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, Turkey, secular, reform, change, biography, history, social change, religious change

Abstract
This paper explains that reforms carried out in Iran and Turkey by Reza Shah Pahlavi and Kemal Ataturk correspondingly, during the early half of the twentieth century, are two classical political science cases of authoritarian modernization. Next, the author details the lives of these two leaders, their influences and what they achieved. The paper concludes that both self-made men were great military soldiers and dedicated nation builders who used an iron hand. Their mistakes easily can be overlooked, the author asserts, because of their county's tremendous social, cultural, political and educational progress and the emancipation of women during their regimes. This paper includes footnotes.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Historical Background
Reza Shah Pahlavi
Kemal Ataturk
Comparing the Two Leaders, Their Influence and What They Achieved
How These Two Personalities Affected Today's World
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In fact, Reza Shah was perceived by many as "a not so successful follower of Ataturk". It is also felt that the secular reforms of Ataturk were far more sweeping than that of Reza Shah. Ataturk was able to abolish the caliphate altogether and establish a republic. Reza Shah's attempt to do a parallel in Iran however, met with varying degrees of success and he could never eliminate the influence of the clerics in the political life of the Iranians. The movement launched by Reza Shah could not create as radical an upheaval in Iran as the modernization movement initiated by Ataturk did in Turkey."

Tags:catalysts, etatism, popularity, westernization, founder

Abstract
The following paper compares and contrasts the policies, ideals and beliefs of Turkey and Iran by comparing the most prominent figures in each nations history - Iran's 'Khomeini' and Turkey's 'Ataturk'. By contrasting the ideals of these two figures we see many of the divergent characteristics of the two states coming to light.

From the Paper
"Since the First World War, Iran and Turkey have been characterized by extremely different historical trends. Iranian history is marked by numerous revolutions, long periods of weak statehood, and since 1970, an anti-Western government of religious radicalism. In contrast, Turkeys History is characterized by peaceful transitions of political power, Relatively stable statehood, and since 1950, a government imbued with Western democratic ideals. These contrasts can be explained by two main factors. First, the two countries found themselves in very different situations as a result of their different nineteenth century approaches to modernization. Second, there are important differences in the religious and ethnic compositions of Iran and Turkey. Additionally, a comparison of the most prominent figures in each nations history -- Iran s Khomeini and Turkeys Ataturk -- illustrates many of the divergent characteristics of the two states."

Tags:ataturk, ayatollah, east, iran, khomeni, middle, persia, persian, shah, turk, turkey, war, world

Abstract
This research paper examines the development of the modern Turkish constitution, discusses how the constitution has limited religious influence in the government and created a true secular state in Turkey, and analyzes how instrumental Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was in the development of the constitution and the establishment of modern Turkey.

Abstract
This paper discusses the role of military and remal rights in the Turkish politics. The country has been trying to create a democratic form of government while at the same time not giving up the ideology of its founder Kemal Ataturk; this has however resulted in serious political, social and religious problems.

Abstract
An analysis of Turkey's government which shows that secular democracy is possible in the Middle East and that the west would be wise to embrace Turkey and the Turkish model.

From the Paper
"Much has been written concerning whether democracy is possible in the Middle East. Skeptics point to the long history of totalitarianism in the region to the authoritarian governments in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates, and to the phenomenon of radical Islam, in order to make the case that democracy is not possible or not plausible in the region. The recent electoral victory by Hamas, a terrorist organization in Palestine, has given many people pause. Additionally, the Iraqis' inability to form a government for months..."

Tags:turkey, democracy, middle east, secular, mosque, state, separation, history, 9/11, ataturk

Abstract
The legacy of the Ottoman Empire can be found in a modern secular Turkish nation today, which is poised to join the European Union as an equal partner in the international community. The causes for the downfall of the Ottoman Empire seem fairly concrete to some who believe that the economy was in a horrid state and that most people were near starvation, while others think that the internal economy was doing just fine, and it was only the external economic trade that was failing. This paper provides an overview of the events leading up to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1922, followed by an analysis of the events surrounding the internal and external economic conditions of the empire as it was declining through its ultimate collapse. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.

From the Paper
"According to McCarthy, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the reasons for the failing Ottoman economy mostly stemmed from internal problems such as a lack of capital, inadequate skilled manpower, and insufficient capital goods; however, the Ottomans could not be held accountable for all of the effects of the international invisible hand at work: "Some of the Ottoman's problems were simply the workings of the world market." For example, increasingly modern methods of transport enabled European countries with advanced production capabilities to send products more quickly and cheaply to underdeveloped regions where people were desperate for goods they were unable to produce themselves. In this environment, the European nations were in a position to demand more favourable terms from the Ottomans, and the Europeans exacted a series of trade capitulations that forced the Ottomans to accept disadvantageous terms of trade."

Tags:Constantinople, Turkish, Islam, Ataturk, sultan

Abstract
Syria and Turkey are connected by a long history of mutual antagonisms and irreconcilable conceptions of the political and regional role of the other. To this day, there is often resentment for what Syria and other Arab countries consider to be "Ottoman high-handedness" over Turkey's reported efforts to exert regional ambitions. Divided by ethnic, ideological, and political lines, a common ground for agreement building has been difficult to establish. This paper surveys the key areas of friction between the two countries and tracks the nature of Syria's relationship with Turkey from the period when both countries emerged as independent modern nations in the early to mid 20th century to recent times. Many of the problems affecting the relationship between the two states today are rooted in the past. The paper examines the origins and history of this conflict, explores how seemingly diverse issues are actually interconnected, and observes how past attempts toward conflict resolution may assist in any similar attempts at reconciliation in the future.

From the Paper
"Syria's relationship with Turkey has been very temperamental, passing through a number of tense periods that nearly resulted in full-scale war between the two. When the Ottoman Empire fell, the French and British were competing for control of the Levant. Turkey under the leadership of Attaturk was able to salvage enough of the Ottoman institutions and emerge as a fairly strong regional power. Syria's struggle to gain independence was more difficult and the French were not so inclined to give up control. In 1939, with the rise of Nazi Germany, the French Mandatory authorities sought to induce Ankara into a neutral position toward the pending European conflict by ceding the province of Alexandretta to Turkey. Alexandretta, known as Hatay to the Turkish, was part of the Syrian province (sanjak) under the Ottomans. Syrian political elites see the province of Alexendretta as demographically and historically part of their country. The Syrians have never accepted Turkish sovereignty over this territory and the issue of Alexandretta remains a sticking point between Syria and Turkey. Following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, Syria was administered by the French until independence in 1946. In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel. Since 1976, Syrian troops have been stationed in Lebanon, reportedly in a peacekeeping capacity. In recent years, Syria and Israel have occasionally conducted peace talks over the return of the Golan Heights."

Tags:ataturk, east, empire, kemal, kurdish, kurds, middle, mustafa, ottoman, palestine, party

Abstract
This paper discusses the prevalence of human rights abuses in modern-day Turkey, with special notice of human rights abuses towards prisoners. It also looks at what Turkey is doing to change how it treats those who have been arrested and incarcerated. The paper also looks at the pressure being imposed on Turkey by various human rights organizations and some of the factors motivating Turkey to try and improve its record on human rights.

From the Paper
"Few people can think of Turkey without calling to mind the 1978 movie, Midnight Express. In the film, a misguided (and foolhardy) American is arrested by Turkish authorities after he is found attempting to smuggle drugs out of the country. What follows is a (supposedly true) story of the atrocious torture he faced in the depths of a Turkish prison. To be sure, the story was hardly farfetched. Turkey has had a horrific human rights record throughout modern history especially after the seating of the infamous Ataturk. Indeed, one can find evidence of virtually every human rights violation imaginable in modern Turkey, for, although the country seems to be genuinely attempting to "clean up its act", it still has a long way to go."

Tags:ottoman, empire, ataturk, secularize, islamic, arabic, turkish, torture, amnesty, international