Abstract
The paper discusses the issue of terrorism as being the most stringent aspect of international politics, since the events of 2001 proved that terrorism is by no means a conventional threat and a conventional war cannot be waged against it. The paper states that it is important that a comprehensive approach on the matter be taken into consideration. The paper further discusses that the United States has been promoting a complex counter terrorism policy which includes the combination of various aspects of foreign policy. The paper focuses on the fact that pursuing a military unconventional warfare strategy in a diplomatic environment will only work, if there is synergy within the United States Government.

From the Paper
"One of the first aspects to be taken into account is the issue of the global nature of the terrorist threat. In this sense, the United States has been widely considered a worldwide approach on the matter. This method of dealing with terrorism is obvious in the 2006 National Strategy for Combating Terrorism. More precisely, the document drew the guidelines for the activities of the US Government in its attempt to address the issue of terrorism. In this sense, among other aspects, the policy considers that action must be taken in order to "advance effective democracies as the long-term antidote to the ideology of terrorism; prevent attacks by terrorist networks; deny terrorists the support and sanctuary of rogue states; deny terrorists control of any nation they would use as a base and launching pad for terror; and lay the foundations and build the institutions and structures we need to carry the fight forward against terror and help ensure our ultimate success" . All these measures are taken in relation to two distinctive paths of action which in order to be effective, must be interlinked and combined. These two directions are the military and the diplomatic one."

Tags:counter, terrorism, warfare, strategy, unconventional, warfare

Abstract
This paper addresses the changes in American Indian warfare during the period of western settlement in the 19th century. It gives a summary of Plains Indian culture and reasons for conflict, and details conflicts between settlers and American Indian tribes. The paper's thesis, borne out in historical research, is that the introduction of horses and firearms made conflicts between US relocation forces and unwilling Indian tribesmen bloodier than necessary on both sides. The author does not take sides on the Native American sovereignty issue.

Tags:NATIVE-AMERICAN STUDIES, plains indians warfare

Abstract
This paper describes chemical warfare in insects. The paper begins by offering a definition of the chemistry of vision. Next the paper discusses the role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cancer. Then the paper explains the effect of chlorfluorocarbons on the ozone layer, nature, chemistry and sources of petroleum.

Tags:chemical warfare among insects, chemistry of vision, polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons and cancer, chlorofluorocarbons and the ozone hole, petroleum

Abstract
This paper surveys Chinese military history, looking at warfare, strategies, weapons, and the comparison with the Western soldier.

From the Paper
"Historically, warfare has always been a part of humankind wherever they have lived and whenever they have lived. War simply always has been a part of the human struggle. Ancient or pre-modern people might have complained about war, but they did it the way people complain about the weather. Indeed, war and the military have been so common that according to Doyne Dawson, pre-modern thinkers didn't even bother to define it, while modern thinkers typically define it as an organized, legitimized, lethal conflict..."

Tags:Chinese, warfare, military, Western

Abstract
By analyzing Charles Frazier's novel "Cold Mountain" on the American Civil War, the paper shows the methods used by the guerillas and what life was like for them. The paper also examines whether the Home Guard and guerilla warfare were accurately portrayed in the novel.

From the Paper
"Cold Mountain's portrayal of the Home Guard is that of a rough and ragged group of vigilante man-hunters who dispense a brand of justice that suits their own needs and whims. From the outset of Inman's journey to freedom, he is constantly under watch for the notorious Home Guard. The Home Guard in Cold Mountain answers to no higher authority than their self, often acting in the book as judge, jury and executioner. Often enough in the book, they are not concerned about the identities of those men they capture and kill. This is shown several times throughout the novel. Many times the men of the Home Guard seem as nothing more than a rabble, but at other times they can appear quite organized. The Home Guard appears very effective in their pursuit, displaying an adeptness at hunting down and capturing their prey. There is also a sense of morbid pleasure in the men as they go about hunting and inflicting pain on others."

Tags:vigilante, warfare, militia, Teague

Abstract
This paper looks at the harrowing effects of chemical warfare and how it changed the face of war during WWI. It gives examples of the types of weaponry used, their side effects and how these have developed to become the destructive arms of today.

From the Paper
"According to many of the period s experts, WWI was supposed to be fought by large numbers of men, in a heroic fashion, with the other technologically advanced weapons such as planes, machine-guns and tanks. Instead of the normal war of the attacker winning and the defender put on the run, this war was interrupted by trench warfare and battles of attrition. Trenches were the norm, and to help get battles back to natural means, gas was put into practice to help each side get back into (in their eyes at the time) a more modern conflict. So what were these chemical weapons? How and when were they used? What role did they play in the soldier s day-to-day life both physically and psychologically? "

Tags:bombs, chemicals, france, gas, germany, hague, history, military, trench, war, warfare, wwi

Abstract
The conduct of warfare underwent many dramatic changes over the course of the Civil War, which lasted from 1861-1865. In the early years, the battlefield was dynamic, and the armies maneuvered and engaged at will; many units, especially Confederate, fielding smooth-bore muskets and cannon. As these weapons were improved with rifling, their effective killing distance became greater. This paper examines how the most dramatic change in the way warfare was conducted came during the Battle of Petersburg (1864-65). The paper shows how this siege was militarily significant in that it began the trend of the trench warfare that changed the way warfare was conducted during World War I.

From the Paper
"This tactic became outdated with the development of improved firearm technology in the mid-19th century. When the American Civil War began in 1861, it was fought with similar weapons and tactics that had been used for many centuries. By the time the war ended in 1865, it was seen as a foreshadowing of World War I?complete with trenches, machine guns, field fortifications, and massive casualties. The Battle of Petersburg near the end of the war with its trenches and static formations, changed the strategies of warfare, as it was radically different that early battles such as the First Battle of Bull Run where maneuver was still possible, and famous charges such as Pickett's Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg, demonstrated the military uselessness of a direct assault on an opposing line."

Tags:Fredericksburg, Cold, Harbor, General, Ulysses, S., Grant

Abstract
The paper argues that the War on Terror requires a fundamentally different approach to traditional wars. The paper discusses how Islamic fundamentalists' philosophical beliefs about the need to convert or destroy the Western way of life to Islamic fundamentalism without the possibility of compromise makes diplomatic efforts futile, and their use of asymmetric warfare that targets civilian non-combatants makes America's traditional concern for avoiding civilian casualties on enemy territory dangerous for America. The paper contends that American ideals of warfare will only lead to the destruction of millions of innocent American civilian lives instead.

Outline:
Introduction
Asymmetric Warfare and the Concept of Just War
Diplomacy
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Global War on Terror requires a comprehensive ongoing military strategic effort in conjunction with the effective use of diplomatic initiatives where appropriate. However, the diplomatic approach must, unfortunately, be abandoned with respect to the enemy because Islamic extremists are not likely to respond to any appeals to logic or to other principles of moral or political pressures.
"Furthermore, to achieve the strategic objectives of the War on Terror, it will be necessary for the United States to abandon certain long-held societal values in connection with the prosecution of just wars, because the traditional American philosophy of minimizing collateral damage on enemy territory has enabled al-Qaeda and other like-minded enemies of the West to use that moral approach to warfare against us to the extent that it compromises the safety and security of this nation and much of the Western World."

Tags:diplomacy, morals, warfare, civilians, extremists, al-Qaeda

Abstract
This paper provides a definition of the word terrorism and goes on to give a short history and explanation of terrorist attacks. It also explains the difference between soft and hard targets and how terrorism has now reached the world of technology, concluding with a warning of how future terrorist attacks could have catastrophic results.

Outline:
Background and History
The Concept of Asymmetric Warfare
Hard and Soft Terrorism Targets and the Psychology of Fear
Cyberterrorism and Terrorism Recruitment in the Computer Age
Future Implications of Current Terrorist Threats

From the Paper
''Terrorism directed at hard targets (i.e. those that are particularly high-value and highly protected from external threats) poses much greater challenges to execute successfully that terrorism directed at soft targets (i.e. those that are not particularly high-value and left comparatively vulnerable). In addition to the comparative simplicity, cost, and prospect of success of terrorism against soft targets, that tactic is also especially attractive to terrorists because it allows for nearly complete surprise. Furthermore, to terrorists, there is a dual value to the element of surprise: first, it dramatically increases the likelihood of tactical success because it is unopposed by threat prevention or mitigation measures; second, it increases public fear significantly (Hoffman, 2003;
Larsen, 2007).
''Terrorism against soft targets is, therefore, terrorizing precisely because it defies any possible precautions. People can protect themselves against terrorism against hard targets (such as government agencies and public facilities) by choosing to avoid those obvious potential targets. However, it is much more difficult (if not altogether impossible) to protect one's self from terrorist acts perpetrated against random soft
targets (such as shopping centers, restaurants, and movie theaters). That is one of several reasons that the World Trade Center terrorist attacks of 2001 were particularly terrorizing: the victims were ordinary civilians going about the most ordinary parts of their lives.''

Tags:victims, targets, vulnerable

Abstract
This paper analyzes the issue of extraordinary renditions used by the U.S. and the CIA to fight the War on Terror. The paper describes three types of rendition and traces the history of their use by the U.S. government from its early days to the present. The paper then contrasts the points of view of the U.S. government and human rights groups on the issue. The paper also discusses the weaknesses of this process and concludes that whether or not one agrees with the policy of renditions, it is evident that extraordinary renditions have served to weaken international law.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Types of Rendition
History of Rendition in the United States
The U.S. View Point on Extraordinary Rendition
The 'Down Side' of Extraordinary Rendition
Mistakes are Common
Ceding the High Moral Ground
Dubious Intelligence-Gathering through Torture
Effect on International Law
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In May 2004, five months after his detention, el-Masri was released after the Americans realized that he had been mistakenly identified as a terrorist because an al-Qaeda terrorist had a similar name. The manner of his release (he was blindfolded and handcuffed and let out on a lonely road in Albania) and the subsequent treatment of his lawsuit by the US courts (dismissal on the basis of national security) have received widespread condemnation from human right organizations. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) helped el-Masri to file lawsuit in a US court against his illegal detention in December 2005."

Tags:torture secrecy, asymmetrical warfare, innocent victim, violation