Abstract
The paper reviews asymmetric information and discusses how the failure of Canadian policy makers to appreciate it as a symptom of market failure, made it all too easy for them to later overlook it as a fundamental cause of the decline of a major Canadian airline subsidized by Transport Canada. Beyond that, the paper also examines how this malaise affected Transport Canada's curious inability to find the information it needed in both security matters and when it came time to privatize some of its holdings.

From the Paper
"The relationship between asymmetric information (which is essentially one party in free market transactions knowing more than the other party) and market failure has arguably been under-acknowledged by policy makers throughout the history of the modern bureaucratic state - at least in matters pertaining to the state's involvement in the dispensation of "merit goods" to a public that may, for a host of reasons, be unreceptive to whatever it is that the state considers "meritorious"."

Tags:transport, canada, asymmetry

Abstract
This paper tests flypaper effect empirically using real expenditure data in state of Iowa and Georgia using the popular empirical expenditure specification. As a result of estimation, the writers finds that Iowa has the obvious flypaper effect, while Georgia does not. Section I is an introduction of the concepts at hand. Section II presents how flypaper effect leads to expansion effect on government expenditures graphically. Section III reviews traditional and current empirical literature on flypaper effect. Section IV simplifies the estimated expenditure function in order to show flypaper effect in Iowa and Georgia using 1990 data set. Section V investigates somewhat puzzling results in Georgia based on derivation of elasticities of expenditure with regard to income and intergovernmental grants. Section VI contains the summary and conclusion.

From the Paper
"I. Introduction In providing a rationale for the observation that an increase in lump-sum governmental aid effects a larger increase in local government expenditures than an equivalent increase in residential incomes does, economists have offered the explanations for the so-called "flypaper effect" of state and local public finance. This paper aims to test flypaper effect empirically using 1990's expenditure data in state of Iowa and Georgia. According to Bocherding and Deacon (1982), Bergstrom and Goodman (1983), the popular empirical expenditure specification in local public finance is ln E = b0 + b1 In M + b2 ln TS + b3 ln(TS * A) + b4 ln N + b5 ln D + v, where E is total general expenditure, M is median household income, TS is tax share, which property tax divided by gross property tax base, A is an intergovernmental aid receipts from federal and state government, N is jurisdiction population, D is population density, and v is a stochastic error. Since model specification is log-linear form, b coefficients show an elasticity of expenditure with regard to the corresponding explanatory variables. Interestingly, the estimated expenditure functions of Georgia and Iowa, respectively, have a crucial difference of their coefficients of governmental aids and incomes. In case of Iowa, it is easy to show "flypaper effect" since b3(0.77) is larger than b1(0.29). However, in Georgia, b3(0.19) is smaller than b1(0.28), suggesting that the effect of money income on expenditure is greater than that of aids. It is a contradiction of "flypaper effect" in Georgia. In order to verify the puzzling results in Georgia, this paper scrutinizes b coefficient. Since b1 and b3 represents an elasticity of expenditure with regard to income and intergovernmental aid, respectively, the more information on the means for county data in Georgia is needed for verifying flypaper effect. As a result of derivation, Georgia also has the significant flypaper effect as well as Iowa does. The discussion is organized as follows. Section II presents how flypaper effect leads to expansion effect on government expenditures graphically. Section III reviews traditional and current empirical literatures on flypaper effect. Section IV simplifies the estimated expenditure function in order to show flypaper effect in Iowa and Georgia using 1990 data set. Section V investigates somewhat puzzling results in Georgia based on derivation of elasticities of expenditure with regard to income and intergovernmental grants. Section VI contains the summary and conclusion. "

Tags:georgia, iowa, derivation, elasticities

Abstract
Security is one of the primary concerns when an organization connects its private network to the Internet (Rowe, 1998, 26). In 1995, 1290 network managers reported financial losses due to ineffective network security (Lopez, 1996, 41).

From the Paper
"TRANSACTION SECURITY ON THE INTERNET

Introduction
Security is one of the primary concerns when an organization connects its private network to the Internet (Rowe, 1998, 26). In 1995, 1290 network managers reported financial losses due to ineffective network security (Lopez, 1996, 41). Twenty percent of those respondents indicated that breaches in network security stemming from Internet connections were to blame.

Increasing numbers of private networks need access to Internet services, and corporations want to offer Web access to their current and potential customers. To achieve this, an organization needs the protection that a SET (Secure Electronic Transaction) can provide (Maglitta & Booker, 1994, 79). There are many parts to an SET."

Abstract
This paper discusses globalization's affects on global divisions between the rich and the poor. In particular, the paper looks at this state of affairs and links it to broader class discussions about spatial interaction, scale, human/nature relationships and "space, place, and landscape." It analyzes the consequences of asymmetric exchanges of investment and people in different parts of the world. The paper focuses its discussion on the situation in Thailand. It contains an annotated bibliography at the end of the paper.

From the Paper
"The importance of this discussion is really two-fold. On one hand, demographic trends suggest that the Caucasian or "Western" percentage of the world's population will continue to decline relative to its non-white brethren over the next century; as a result, it is imperative that we understand the factors which are creating problems for that ever-growing proportion of the global population that is non-white. Clearly, if it can be proved that globalization benefits affluent (and demographically stagnant) western nations over demographically explosive Asian or South American nations, then the growing cost of this unjust arrangement will eventually cause debilitating political and social upheavals. In a related vein, there is evidence now available that Europe's share of the global market has declined relative to the share of the market enjoyed by China and by India. If this European decline continues, these latter nations may find themselves in the same position that poorer, developing countries found themselves in throughout the nineteenth, twentieth, and early twenty-first centuries; needless to say, if Europe wishes to be treated humanely by the new "masters of the house", it should endeavor to "smooth out" whatever rough edges of globalization are creating misery and poverty elsewhere."

Tags:asymmetric, interaction, developing, demographics

Abstract
This paper summarizes, compares and contrasts the technology behind cable modems and ADSL, discusses the limitations of both technologies, and suggests solutions to those limitations.
Part 1: Summary of the Two Related Technologies
Cable Modems
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines
Part 2: Compare and Contrast the Two Related Technologies Pertaining to Cost and Performance
Cost of Cable Modems and Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines
Performance of Cable Modems and Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines
Part 3: Analyze the Limitations of the Two Technologies
Limitations of Cable Modems
Limitations of Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines
Part 4: Suggestions and Solutions to Overcome Limitations of the Two Related Technologies
Suggestions and Solutions to the Limitations of Cable Modems
Suggestions and Solutions to the Limitations of Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines

From the Paper
"So are these two technologies expensive? I guess that depends on your meaning of expensive. The cost of cable modems depends on the way it is purchased. "Most users rent the modems from the cable company for just a few dollars, just as they rent their cable boxes. An Ethernet Card is required for a cost of $50.00 or so, and most companies have an installation charge of fifty to one hundred dollars.'"

Tags:computer, internet, cost, technological

Abstract
The paper argues that the War on Terror requires a fundamentally different approach to traditional wars. The paper discusses how Islamic fundamentalists' philosophical beliefs about the need to convert or destroy the Western way of life to Islamic fundamentalism without the possibility of compromise makes diplomatic efforts futile, and their use of asymmetric warfare that targets civilian non-combatants makes America's traditional concern for avoiding civilian casualties on enemy territory dangerous for America. The paper contends that American ideals of warfare will only lead to the destruction of millions of innocent American civilian lives instead.

Outline:
Introduction
Asymmetric Warfare and the Concept of Just War
Diplomacy
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Global War on Terror requires a comprehensive ongoing military strategic effort in conjunction with the effective use of diplomatic initiatives where appropriate. However, the diplomatic approach must, unfortunately, be abandoned with respect to the enemy because Islamic extremists are not likely to respond to any appeals to logic or to other principles of moral or political pressures.
"Furthermore, to achieve the strategic objectives of the War on Terror, it will be necessary for the United States to abandon certain long-held societal values in connection with the prosecution of just wars, because the traditional American philosophy of minimizing collateral damage on enemy territory has enabled al-Qaeda and other like-minded enemies of the West to use that moral approach to warfare against us to the extent that it compromises the safety and security of this nation and much of the Western World."

Tags:diplomacy, morals, warfare, civilians, extremists, al-Qaeda

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of how DSL technology works, looks at the differences between ADSL (asymmetric DSL) and DSL, describes which situations both technologies are more suited for, explains the vast applications of DSL technology and then takes a look at some of the shortcomings of DSL technology.

From the Paper
"On May 24, 1844 Samuel Morse-inventor of the telegraph-relayed the first message ever sent electronically: "What hath God wrought!" (Reynolds 9). Clearly, Morse comprehended some of the implications this momentous achievement suggested. It is unlikely, however, that anyone fully grasped what the future would hold for communications. From the telegraph to the telephone to the internet, it appears that man-not God-demands ever progressive technologies to exchange ideas and information with those distanced from him. "This long history of technical innovation in communications ultimately brought forth an era of inexpensive high-speed data services." (Reynolds 9)."

Tags:copper, wires, range, frequencies, capacity, information, bandwidth, connection, internet, service, provider

Abstract
This five-page paper is on "Using cryptography to secure data". It includes the description, the advantages, disadvantages and the examples of symmetric cryptography, asymmetric cryptography, block cipher and stream cipher.

Abstract
This paper discusses how ever since the ?Thalidomide? incidence last century there has been an ever-increasing amount of resources injected into optical isomeric research and in attaining pure enantiomeric products. It shows how due to different stereochemical characteristics, different isomers will have different interactions with biological receptors in the body, giving rise to different actions. A resultant undesirable effect is therefore inherently possible upon the consumption of chiral drugs, for that reason it is imperative that the end drug mixture is as entiomerically pure as possible. It describes the 3 basic methodologies for single enantiomers: chirality pool, kinetic resolution and asymmetric synthesis and examines the basis of and the techniques of separating them.

From the Paper
"One way of the use of chirality pool molecules merely requires the maintenance of pre-existing chirality throughout a synthesis, with transformation of other parts of the molecule by formation of new chemical bonds or inter-conversion of functional groups. Otherwise, utilising chirality pool can afford a so-called "control element" for the creation of new stereogenic centres by "substrate-directable" reactions. Such reactions may involve complete transfer of chirality from one region to another intra-molecularly.[1]"

Tags:assymetric, biocatalysis, catalysts, chiral, chirality, kinetic, racemate, racemisation, recrystallisation, resolution, sythons

Abstract
This report discusses schools and community relations with reference to four different models proposed by Grunig and Hunt for public relations: Press agency/publicity, information, the two-way asymmetric model and the two-way symmetric model. The author contends that it is imperative for a school board to work for the betterment of students. This paper stresses the importance of having the students' interests first, when coming up with ways to improve community relations. It also deals with ways in which to improve relations between staff and board members, parents and children by building forum structures in order to discuss problems. In addition ways in which to ensure quality education and strict discipline are also proposed amongst other issues.

From the Paper
The schools in the district should do an effective job and let the public know about the success and challenges faced by the school. The confidence of the public in the schools should be increased, by encouraging more residents of the school district to participate in the school decisions. It was determined that education is rated as the highest concern by the public higher than crime and taxes. The schools should make the public aware of the difficulties experienced in the classroom such as: disruptive behavior by students, students disrespect for authority and resistance of the student towards learning. Regular school district meetings may help the school get suggestions from the public in handling these problems. Schools should be personalized to suit the community that it serves. All involved should be aware of their individual roles in the operation of the various schools in the district. Educators should collectively try to gain the public and legislative confidence and support. Educators should stop fighting among themselves and form better working relationships with the business community in the area.

Tags:improve, communications, parents, teachers, school, board, member, official, staff, simple, dialogs