Abstract
This paper discusses marriage and suppression in the two short stories "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and "Astronomer's Wife" by Kay Boyle. It also looks at the different reactions of the female characters to their marriage.

From the Paper
"One of the basic building blocks of society is the nuclear family where one plus one equals three. Contrasting political and social view points, aside if the two sexes did not occasionally ...|

Tags:Kay Boyle, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Yellow Wallpaper, Astronomer's Wife, marriage, suppression

Abstract
This paper analyzes the book "The Astronomer's Wife" by Kay Boyle. The paper describes the Astronomer who symbolizes the intellect, and the Plumber who symbolizes the physical. Using short quotes from the story throughout the paper, this point is proved. The paper also interprets the relationship of Mrs. Ames with the two men and states an opinion as to whether or not she would be happy with the Plumber for a long period of time.

From the Paper
"The stars twinkle gaily as they dance eastward across the sky. The roots of the noble oak creep ever downward, sucking up precious nutrients from the damp earth. The moon looks solemnly upon the darkened sky, changing faces to suit her mood. The grass speaks in whispers to those who would tread upon it, and listens to the night-things crawling below. This is what Mrs. Ames has to choose from in Kay Boyle's "The Astronomer's Wife": the heavens or the earth. More truly, perhaps, she has to choose between mind and spirit or body and emotions. She is a young woman, "but this she had forgotten"(149). She takes refuge in day-to-day activities, attempting to overcompensate for her "dreamer" (148) of a husband."

Tags:boyle, intellectual, kay, physical, ames, relationships, spiritual

Abstract
This paper focuses on the issues surrounding the discovery and refinement of the astronomical distance ladder, beginning with a brief account and definition of the ladder itself before moving onto a definition and discussion of the insights of Edwin Hubble. After considering Hubble's contributions, it then discusses the developments offered by new scientists attempting to pin down the Hubble Constant in their work. The astronomical distance ladder is a device used by astronomers to measure distances between objects in space. The basic premise of the ladder is that, since we cannot measure distances directly, we make our distance observations based on distances that are already known.

From the Paper
"As regards the Astronomical Distance Ladder, this was a huge and important step in the direction of the debate. Previous understandings of distance were based largely on the intensity of objects, and the nineteenth century standard generally held to the idea that "faintness means farness," but the Hubble constant and its revelation of a constantly expanding Universe opened the door to a wide variety of debates about the way distances are measured (Gingerich 1071). Indeed, then the current debate has largely settled around more specific elements of Hubbles view, rather than a whole-scale rejection of his system or some other form of innovation. Indeed, the large and greater portion of debates relating to the astronomical distance ladder focus "on recently determined and still controversial values of the Hubble constant." "

Tags:edwin, hubble, universe, space, constant

Abstract
This paper looks at how, as Galileo first turned his telescope toward the heavens, he was drastically turning mankind away from its long-accepted view that the Aristotelian view of the heavens was correct. It examines the significance of Galileo's early astronomical observations on the Aristotelian universe by examining Aristotle's theory of the cosmos, pertinent background on Galileo, his discoveries, and the effect they had on Aristotle's universe.

Outline
Introduction
Aristotle's Universe
Galileo Leading Up to His Discoveries
Galileo's Observations and their Significance
The Moon
Jupiter
Venus
Other Important Observations
Toward a Heliocentric Model
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The next object Galileo turned his attention to was the planet Jupiter. In January of 1610, he saw three small but bright stars in the area of Jupiter that changed positions with time, but never strayed far from Jupiter. After repeated observations, Galileo concluded that there are three stars in the heavens moving about Jupiter. He later discovered a fourth satellite of Jupiter and he named these moons the Medicean stars. These satellites were seen to orbit Jupiter at various distances and speeds. This was the first time that a planet other than Earth was found to have satellites orbiting it."

Tags:copernicus, galileo, jupiter, moon, padua, ptolemy, renaissance, science, sun, sunspots, telescope, venus

Abstract
This paper presents a fictitious interview with astronomer Galileo Galile. Here, various questions are posed to this historic figure, which focus on astronomy, particularly the relationship of the sun to the earth. The paper also highlights Galileo Galile's interest in the solar system and his desire to see if Aristotelian theory stood up to closer scrutiny.

From the Paper
"What is your full name? My name is Galileo Galilei. When were you born? When did you die? How old would you be today? I was born February 15, 1564 in Pisa in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany; I died in January 1642, just a few weeks shy of my 78th birthday. Needless to say, I would now be 454 years of age where I still alive. Where were you born, and what was your nationality? As mentioned in my previous response, I was born in Pisa in what was then the Grand Duchy of Tuscany; I suppose today I would be identified as..."

Tags:astronomer, interview, questions

Abstract
This essay discusses the life of Maria Mitchell and examines how she became the first woman astronomer in the United States. The paper tells of where she grew up. The writer looks at how she climbed the ranks to achieve her goals. Further the writer discusses how she came into discovering her true passion of astronomy. By describing the events that made this courageous woman, the writer shows clearly how she set an example for her gender in the nineteenth century.

Abstract
This paper explores methods used by astronomers to measure the universe, the dual nature of light, origins of the universe and the solar system and types of stars. It also discusses planets and other celestial bodies.

From the Paper
"Another way to measure the universe is using shadows. Some astronomers observe "dark silhouettes cast by distant clusters of galaxies (Glanz,1999)" against the "cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) (Glanz, 1999)" The glow from this radiation provides a back light that helps measure the size of the shadows. The CMBR was formed back when the cosmos were only 100,000 to 300,000 years old. Because of the CMBRs' age, "everything in the visible universe lies in front (Glanz, 1999)" of it. When the radiation started out, it had hot temperatures due to the universe just being formed. However, as the universe expanded, the temperatures cooled. This gives astronomers additional information to aid them in their measurements."

Tags:solar, system, celestial, space, cosmic, radiation, light, cosmos

Abstract
Examines the relationship between velocity and time for a falling body and Galileo's employment of the hypothetical-deductive method to study the science of motion.

From the Paper
"Galileo's mathematical-experimental method was used to test the relationship between velocity and time for a falling body:
V - T (Cohen, 1985). Since V could not be measured, he used a combination of mathematics and experimentation to verify this ..."

Abstract
This paper looks at the numerous contributions that Galileo made in the areas of mathematics, physics, and astronomy and shows how he symbolizes the struggle against the Catholic Church and the freedom of scientific inquiry during the Renaissance period.

From the Paper
"As a young man, Galileo showed very little interest in astronomy and focused more on mathematics and physics. Beginning in 1595, however, he became interested in the theory made by Copernicus in the early 1500s. Copernicus's theory consisted of a heliocentric model where the Earth revolves around the sun. This was contrary to the assumptions made by Aristotle and Ptolemy where the heavenly bodies, including the sun, revolved around a stationary Earth.

In July 1609, a most extraordinary event occurred which startled the world and changed the life of Galileo. A man in the Netherlands by the name of Hans Lippershey, who was an eyeglass spectacles maker, had invented a device that magnified distant objects immensely."

Tags:achievements, discoveries, theories, astronomy, mathematics, physics, Copernicus, telescope

Abstract
This paper is on Edwin Hubble's life and the important steps he made in the observation in astronomy. There is no doubt that Edwin Hubble played an important role in the learning process concerning the universe.