Abstract
This paper discusses ancient Egyptian and South American myths that the world was created by beings from another planet. The author lists the artwork and advanced knowledge purported to be from each civilization that documented the alien visitors such as the Nazca lines and the Egyptian hieroglyphics which depicted aliens. The paper also explains how each civilization believed their ancestors came from the stars and worshiped the aliens as gods and goddesses.

From the Paper
"Just like the Mayans, Nazcans, and Dogons, the Egyptians knew a great deal about the stars and the terrestrial year. The pyramids and temples were built following almost the same calendar rules as the Mayan temples. One of the amazing facts about the pyramids in Gaza is that three of the pyramids line up perfectly with the three stars on Orion's belt within the Orion constellation. Without knowledge of the stars from the aliens, lining up the pyramids with the stars would be an impossible feat."

Tags:ancient civilizations, extraterrestrial beings

Abstract
This paper discusses one of the most important and nation altering events to occur in the 1960s, the Apollo astronaut program, specifically, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldren's successful walk on the moon on July 20, 1969. It analyzes how space flight stimulated the nation's growth in myriad ways. It looks at the many technological advances came from the Mercury and Apollo programs and beyond, from lightweight metal alloys to smaller and smaller computer guidance systems which eventually turned into desktop computers so extremely prevalent in the world today. It evaluates how if we had not gone to the moon, our lives today might be much different and so would many of our institutions. Space flight stimulated technological growth, national pride and the notion that we can still "reach for the stars."

From the Paper
"First came the Mercury project, where America put men in space. On May 5, 1961, Major Alan Shepard, a Naval academy graduate and test pilot, climbed aboard the Freedom 7 capsule atop a Redstone rocket and became the first American in space. Shepard's flight was sub orbital and lasted only 15 minutes, but it showed America we could still be vital in the space race (which the Russians were winning at the moment), and it kindled spirit and passion in the minds of Americans. The Mercury program ran from 1958 to 1963, and satisfied all its objectives. The Gemini flights between 1965 and 1966 were designed to transition between the Mercury exercises and the Apollo moon missions. The Gemini flights were to teach us how maneuver a spacecraft by maneuvering it in orbit, rendezvousing in space, docking with other vehicles, perfecting methods of entering the atmosphere, and landing at a preselected point on land."

Tags:mercury, apollo, space, flight

Abstract
The paper refers to Tom Wolfe's "The Right Stuff", the non-fiction novel about the individuals and organizations responsible for launching America beyond the stratosphere of Earth. The paper explains the title 'The Right Stuff' as a catchall allusion to the indefinable combination of abilities, presentation and disposition expected of that exclusive class of pilot. The paper attempts to convey the set of qualities that was that rare intercession of fearlessness and brilliance which drives every great man forward.

From the Paper
"In the 1960's, the American space program represented the pinnacle of military achievement, with those training to take human evolution to this next tier of awareness required to exhibit the best and most infallible of qualities. As Tom Wolfe reveals in The Right Stuff, his non-fiction novel about the individuals and organizations responsible for launching America beyond the stratosphere of Earth, the pilots being trained to take those first leaps into space were informed in their actions and motives by both the cultural demands of the highly bureaucratic world forming around the program and the extremely rigorous physical, intellectual and emotional prerequisites of forging ahead thusly. This complex tapestry of elusive qualities, found in different permutations in figures such as John Glenn, Alan Shepard and Chuck Yeager, is described variably throughout the novel as the 'right stuff.'"

Tags:pilots, space, bravery, fearlessness, dedication, professionalism

From the Paper
"Introduction
Since its inception, the American space program has operated under the auspices of the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) which oversees the various projects which the American space program has undertaken. NASA does not actually manufacture or produce any items, but instead contracts the work to private companies. Despite this, the space program in the United States has been run by the government for many years. Indeed, the impetus for going to the moon was provided by John Kennedy in a famous speech in which he challenged the American people to put a man on the moon within a single decade. In recent years, there has been pressure brought to bear on eliminating, or substantially reducing, the involvement of NASA and the government in the space program. It is thought by many that introducing additional..."

Abstract
The average person has probably heard of two female scientists, Marie Curie and astronaut Sally Ride. But, as one source puts it, "despite many barriers, women all over the world have participated in unraveling the secrets of nature since the dawn of civilization." The paper gives brief skethces of the careers of four reflective females math and science thinks.

From the Paper
C21175 March 29, 2008 FEMALE ASTRONOMERS AND MATHEMATICIANS The average person has probably heard of two female scientists, Marie Curie and astronaut Sally Ride. But, as one source puts it, "despite many barriers, women all over the world have participated in unraveling the secrets of nature since the dawn of civilization." The source goes on to state that women scientists of the past, "faced obstacles to their scientific work that arose simply because they were women. Many were hardly permitted to get an education; some were

Tags:science, mathematics, gender

Abstract
This research paper examines plans to build a lunar base when U.S. astronauts travel back to the moon. The paper considers the costs, the general plan, the types of rockets to be used, the payloads and crews necessary. The paper highlights the exorbitant costs relating to future lunar bases, and contends that travel costs to transport astronauts' travel, along with the transport of materials to/from the moon need to be reduced before a lunar base can become a reality. The paper includes images and source material as appendices to the paper.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Live Science reports in "How much for a moon base? Don't ask," (2006) that NASA chief reports costs for the lunar base will be less than the $104 billion anticipated cost to travel to the moon. Nuclear-powered rockets, according to Steven Howe, director of the Center for Space Nuclear Research (CSNR) at the Idaho National Laboratory in Idaho Falls, would prove to be the best type of rockets to be utilized. Nuclear-powered rockets would reportedly save NASA billions of dollars in launch costs as the number of launches required to build a lunar base would be decreased due to the higher efficiency of nuclear propulsion. In the previous 1960s design for NERVA, an experimental nuclear rocket, the radioactive exhaust proved to be a problem. Scientists report that stronger coatings on future fuel pellets would prevent the prior erosion that permitted radioactive material to enter NERVA's exhaust."

Tags:rockets, payload, crew, astronauts

Abstract
The paper looks at the arguments of conspiracy theory enthusiasts who have raised questions about the fluttering flag, the irregular shadows and the invisible stars, and details how NASA refutes their claims. The paper highlights the conspiracy theorists' irresponsibility, scientific inaccuracies and erroneous conclusions and argues that to support such absurd hypotheses and cast doubts in the minds of the American public is an affront to the courage of the astronauts and the brilliance of the engineers who worked hard to achieve mankind's greatest technological feat. Several photos are included in the paper.

From the Paper
"Have you ever been excited hearing: "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind? (Jones, 1995)" On July 20, 1969, the entire world was wild with enthusiasm as the words were uttered by American astronaut Neil Armstrong because it meant the success of Apollo 11's mission of landing on the moon. The historical achievement verified not only the improvement of scientific technology of the United States, but was also a remarkable leap of human civilization as what Neil Armstrong said. At that pivotal moment, nobody entertained misgivings about the authenticity of the achievement because the United States launched spacecrafts five times more towards the moon after the Apollo 11 mission. Moreover, according to the Gallup poll in 1995, just six percent of the public believed that they did not go to the moon (Gallup, 2001). In other words, majority of Americans considered that they certainly went to the moon without doubt. However, the world was plunged in confusion because some plots about the landing being a hoax came out of Fox Broadcasting in 2001. Through the program from Fox, Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon, the network showed alleged evidences that NASA faked the moon landings. Indeed, many conspiracy theory enthusiasts raised questions about the fluttering Stars and Stripes, the irregular shadows, and the invisible stars. As they expected, can it be false?"

Tags:flag, shadows, stars, astronauts, Armstrong, Apollo, 11

Abstract
This paper examines and analyzes the shortages in organizational management that ultimately led to the Columbia space shuttle disaster. It focuses on the investigation following the disaster that showed how NASA's organizational problems contributed greatly to the shuttle's accident. No one single management mistake was responsible but rather it was the combined effect of many. Various problems related to organizational behavior at the basis of the Columbia space shuttle disaster are listed. Additionally, the paper lists various solutions and alternative solutions that would have averted the disaster. The paper concludes by stating that the failure of Columbia had been due to insufficient training of the seven astronauts, poor communications within the institution, insufficient funds, a far too complex organizational structure or an overconfident culture. This paper contains a figure.

Outline:
Case Summary
The Problem Issues
Alternative Solutions
Analysis of Alternative Solutions
The Final Solution
Concluding Remarks

From the Paper
"The case then moves on to identifying the problems and sub-problems. It explains that the reasons for an overzealous culture relied primarily on political forces, emerged from the Cold War 'battles' with the Soviet Union. Having won the competition by sending a man in space at the end of the 1960s, NASA gained the reputation of a winner who could do everything right and better than others. In time, it led them to pay less attention to details and reduce their efforts towards safety. Then, the government cut NASA expenditure, the funding for Space Shuttle Program being reduced by 40 percent. As a consequence then, the organization downsized 42 percent of its employees and outsourced key responsibilities, such as safety oversight. As a consequence, shuttles began to encounter functional difficulties - these were generally related to technological shortages and little was done to improve the organizational behavior at NASA."

Tags:astronauts, NASA, space shuttle program, training

Abstract
The paper explains that in "The Right Stuff", bravery is born of awareness as much as performance. The paper discusses the characteristics that showed the astronauts had the "Right Stuff." The paper explains the quality of fortitude, perseverance, putting on a brave face and the ability to take on the pressure of other people's perceptions.

From the Paper
"The Right Stuff is a story of bravery. However the Rights Stuff conceptually is a definition of the type of bravery required from the individuals chosen to be astronauts. And this type of bravery in large part is due to the different levels of pressure put upon these astronauts. Pressure of expectation, performance, meeting the challenge, and idealization of their missions all contributed to a unique set of personality characteristics that showed they had the "Right Stuff." These characteristics were relatively subtle, as far as how the individuals responded to the subtle and deepened layers of pressure that were thrust upon them."

Tags:astronauts, fortitude, perseverance, pressure

Abstract
This paper examines this medical technology which has been in use since the first astronauts took off in the 1960's and has developed at a very rapid pace since the hype of the Internet. It looks at its effectiveness both from a budget point of view and the quality of treatment. The benefits of this trend are also discussed.

From the Paper
"Telemedicine began in the early 1960's when the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) first put men in space. Physiological measurements of the astronauts were monitored from both the spacecraft and the space suits during NASA space flights. In the 21st century, patients can be scheduled, seen, diagnosed, receive follow up care, rehabilitation, and patient education through telemedicine. Internet accessibility, together with rapidly evolving technology, makes telemedicine increasingly efficient."

Tags:remote, rural, treatment, patient, medicine, medical, technology, internet, healthcare