Abstract
The average person has probably heard of two female scientists, Marie Curie and astronaut Sally Ride. But, as one source puts it, "despite many barriers, women all over the world have participated in unraveling the secrets of nature since the dawn of civilization." The paper gives brief skethces of the careers of four reflective females math and science thinks.

From the Paper
C21175 March 29, 2008 FEMALE ASTRONOMERS AND MATHEMATICIANS The average person has probably heard of two female scientists, Marie Curie and astronaut Sally Ride. But, as one source puts it, "despite many barriers, women all over the world have participated in unraveling the secrets of nature since the dawn of civilization." The source goes on to state that women scientists of the past, "faced obstacles to their scientific work that arose simply because they were women. Many were hardly permitted to get an education; some were

Tags:science, mathematics, gender

Abstract
This paper discusses ancient Egyptian and South American myths that the world was created by beings from another planet. The author lists the artwork and advanced knowledge purported to be from each civilization that documented the alien visitors such as the Nazca lines and the Egyptian hieroglyphics which depicted aliens. The paper also explains how each civilization believed their ancestors came from the stars and worshiped the aliens as gods and goddesses.

From the Paper
"Just like the Mayans, Nazcans, and Dogons, the Egyptians knew a great deal about the stars and the terrestrial year. The pyramids and temples were built following almost the same calendar rules as the Mayan temples. One of the amazing facts about the pyramids in Gaza is that three of the pyramids line up perfectly with the three stars on Orion's belt within the Orion constellation. Without knowledge of the stars from the aliens, lining up the pyramids with the stars would be an impossible feat."

Tags:ancient civilizations, extraterrestrial beings

Abstract
This paper discusses one of the most important and nation altering events to occur in the 1960s, the Apollo astronaut program, specifically, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldren's successful walk on the moon on July 20, 1969. It analyzes how space flight stimulated the nation's growth in myriad ways. It looks at the many technological advances came from the Mercury and Apollo programs and beyond, from lightweight metal alloys to smaller and smaller computer guidance systems which eventually turned into desktop computers so extremely prevalent in the world today. It evaluates how if we had not gone to the moon, our lives today might be much different and so would many of our institutions. Space flight stimulated technological growth, national pride and the notion that we can still "reach for the stars."

From the Paper
"First came the Mercury project, where America put men in space. On May 5, 1961, Major Alan Shepard, a Naval academy graduate and test pilot, climbed aboard the Freedom 7 capsule atop a Redstone rocket and became the first American in space. Shepard's flight was sub orbital and lasted only 15 minutes, but it showed America we could still be vital in the space race (which the Russians were winning at the moment), and it kindled spirit and passion in the minds of Americans. The Mercury program ran from 1958 to 1963, and satisfied all its objectives. The Gemini flights between 1965 and 1966 were designed to transition between the Mercury exercises and the Apollo moon missions. The Gemini flights were to teach us how maneuver a spacecraft by maneuvering it in orbit, rendezvousing in space, docking with other vehicles, perfecting methods of entering the atmosphere, and landing at a preselected point on land."

Tags:mercury, apollo, space, flight

Abstract
The paper looks at the show in general - its beginnings and its preliminary storyline - before moving onward to look at how the male characters are depicted in the series. The paper then explores how minority women apparently do not exist in the new world astronaut John Crichton finds himself in; likewise, while there are military women in the series, they eventually succumb to gender roles - at least Aeryn Sun does. The paper discusses how she eventually turns from being a tough-minded and severe (and austere) female combatant into a sexualized being who also has no objections to being a wife and a mother. Finally, the paper concludes by looking at how men predominate in the initial moments of the series, establishing a setting that is male-dominated and characterized by male bonding.

From the Paper
"The following paper will examine gender roles in the TV series, Farscape. Specifically, the paper will commence by looking at the show in general - its beginnings and its preliminary storyline - before moving onward to look at how the male characters are depicted in the series. With that out of the way, the paper will look at how minority women apparently do not exist in the new world astronaut John Crichton finds himself in; likewise, while there are military women in the series, they eventually succumb to gender roles - at least Aeryn Sun does. To wit, she eventually turns from being a tough-minded and severe (and austere) female combatant into a..."

Tags:gender, roles, farscape

Abstract
This paper explains that the many changes such as the fall of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany and many other events of the decade have left the world spinning, the fin de siecle (or "end of century") phenomenon. The author points out that Barbie's have made a comeback, having been transformed from her previous cultural role as a candy stripper and housewife in the sixties to become "Astronaut Barbie" and "Dr. Barbie," reflecting that women have becoming an increasing part of the work force across the country in every type of career. The paper relates that even the traditional school is changing with the growing popularity of the charter schools, a concept in which a public school operates under a special contract, a charter, arranged between a group of school organizers and a sponsor, which sets forth how the school will be run, what will be taught and how success will be measured, giving it some freedom from the traditional school.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Culture and Thought in the 1990s
Entertainment
Theater
Hobbies
Fads
Schools
Science and Technology
Telecommunications
Tools
Economics
Business
Manufactured Items
World Events
End of the Cold War
Persian Gulf War
Reunification of Germany
Indian/Pakistani Nuclear Tests
International Food Production
Brief Cultural Observations Through the Nineties
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Tools. While an increasing number of Americans purchasing hand and power tools during the 1990s as Black & Decker and other consumer tool manufacturers targeted niche audiences with home appliances and tools, clearly the most powerful tool of the 1990s must be the personal computer. According to the literature, by 1990 some personal computers had become small enough to be completely portable; they included laptop computers, which could rest in one's lap; notebook computers, which were about the size of a notebook; and pocket, or palm-sized, computers, which could be held in one's hand. At the high end of the PC market, multimedia personal computers equipped with CD-ROM players and digital sound systems allowed users to handle animated images and sound (in addition to text and still images) that were stored on high-capacity CD-ROMs."

Tags:computer, internet, globalization, china, century

Abstract
The paper refers to Tom Wolfe's "The Right Stuff", the non-fiction novel about the individuals and organizations responsible for launching America beyond the stratosphere of Earth. The paper explains the title 'The Right Stuff' as a catchall allusion to the indefinable combination of abilities, presentation and disposition expected of that exclusive class of pilot. The paper attempts to convey the set of qualities that was that rare intercession of fearlessness and brilliance which drives every great man forward.

From the Paper
"In the 1960's, the American space program represented the pinnacle of military achievement, with those training to take human evolution to this next tier of awareness required to exhibit the best and most infallible of qualities. As Tom Wolfe reveals in The Right Stuff, his non-fiction novel about the individuals and organizations responsible for launching America beyond the stratosphere of Earth, the pilots being trained to take those first leaps into space were informed in their actions and motives by both the cultural demands of the highly bureaucratic world forming around the program and the extremely rigorous physical, intellectual and emotional prerequisites of forging ahead thusly. This complex tapestry of elusive qualities, found in different permutations in figures such as John Glenn, Alan Shepard and Chuck Yeager, is described variably throughout the novel as the 'right stuff.'"

Tags:pilots, space, bravery, fearlessness, dedication, professionalism

From the Paper
"Introduction
Since its inception, the American space program has operated under the auspices of the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) which oversees the various projects which the American space program has undertaken. NASA does not actually manufacture or produce any items, but instead contracts the work to private companies. Despite this, the space program in the United States has been run by the government for many years. Indeed, the impetus for going to the moon was provided by John Kennedy in a famous speech in which he challenged the American people to put a man on the moon within a single decade. In recent years, there has been pressure brought to bear on eliminating, or substantially reducing, the involvement of NASA and the government in the space program. It is thought by many that introducing additional..."

Abstract
This research paper examines plans to build a lunar base when U.S. astronauts travel back to the moon. The paper considers the costs, the general plan, the types of rockets to be used, the payloads and crews necessary. The paper highlights the exorbitant costs relating to future lunar bases, and contends that travel costs to transport astronauts' travel, along with the transport of materials to/from the moon need to be reduced before a lunar base can become a reality. The paper includes images and source material as appendices to the paper.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Live Science reports in "How much for a moon base? Don't ask," (2006) that NASA chief reports costs for the lunar base will be less than the $104 billion anticipated cost to travel to the moon. Nuclear-powered rockets, according to Steven Howe, director of the Center for Space Nuclear Research (CSNR) at the Idaho National Laboratory in Idaho Falls, would prove to be the best type of rockets to be utilized. Nuclear-powered rockets would reportedly save NASA billions of dollars in launch costs as the number of launches required to build a lunar base would be decreased due to the higher efficiency of nuclear propulsion. In the previous 1960s design for NERVA, an experimental nuclear rocket, the radioactive exhaust proved to be a problem. Scientists report that stronger coatings on future fuel pellets would prevent the prior erosion that permitted radioactive material to enter NERVA's exhaust."

Tags:rockets, payload, crew, astronauts

Abstract
This paper examines and analyzes the shortages in organizational management that ultimately led to the Columbia space shuttle disaster. It focuses on the investigation following the disaster that showed how NASA's organizational problems contributed greatly to the shuttle's accident. No one single management mistake was responsible but rather it was the combined effect of many. Various problems related to organizational behavior at the basis of the Columbia space shuttle disaster are listed. Additionally, the paper lists various solutions and alternative solutions that would have averted the disaster. The paper concludes by stating that the failure of Columbia had been due to insufficient training of the seven astronauts, poor communications within the institution, insufficient funds, a far too complex organizational structure or an overconfident culture. This paper contains a figure.

Outline:
Case Summary
The Problem Issues
Alternative Solutions
Analysis of Alternative Solutions
The Final Solution
Concluding Remarks

From the Paper
"The case then moves on to identifying the problems and sub-problems. It explains that the reasons for an overzealous culture relied primarily on political forces, emerged from the Cold War 'battles' with the Soviet Union. Having won the competition by sending a man in space at the end of the 1960s, NASA gained the reputation of a winner who could do everything right and better than others. In time, it led them to pay less attention to details and reduce their efforts towards safety. Then, the government cut NASA expenditure, the funding for Space Shuttle Program being reduced by 40 percent. As a consequence then, the organization downsized 42 percent of its employees and outsourced key responsibilities, such as safety oversight. As a consequence, shuttles began to encounter functional difficulties - these were generally related to technological shortages and little was done to improve the organizational behavior at NASA."

Tags:astronauts, NASA, space shuttle program, training

Abstract
The paper explains that in "The Right Stuff", bravery is born of awareness as much as performance. The paper discusses the characteristics that showed the astronauts had the "Right Stuff." The paper explains the quality of fortitude, perseverance, putting on a brave face and the ability to take on the pressure of other people's perceptions.

From the Paper
"The Right Stuff is a story of bravery. However the Rights Stuff conceptually is a definition of the type of bravery required from the individuals chosen to be astronauts. And this type of bravery in large part is due to the different levels of pressure put upon these astronauts. Pressure of expectation, performance, meeting the challenge, and idealization of their missions all contributed to a unique set of personality characteristics that showed they had the "Right Stuff." These characteristics were relatively subtle, as far as how the individuals responded to the subtle and deepened layers of pressure that were thrust upon them."

Tags:astronauts, fortitude, perseverance, pressure