Abstract
The paper discusses how in recent years, the cable and satellite TV industries have transformed television as we know it. The paper describes how broadcast television first debuted at the New York World's Fair in 1939, and quickly began to make dramatic changes in the way people lived, worked, and spent their leisure hours. The paper then relates that by 1949, community antenna television, which was an early form of cable television, was sending broadcast signals to rural Pennsylvania and Oregon (Toto). The paper further relates that by the 1960's, most people had a choice of just three channels, but now it is commonplace to have a choice of hundreds of channels. The paper shows how this is thanks to the development of the cable and satellite industries.

From the Paper
"In recent years the cable and satellite industries have transformed television as we know it. Broadcast television first debuted at the New York World's Fair in 1939, and quickly began to make dramatic changes in the way people lived, worked, and spent their leisure hours. By 1949, community antenna television, which was an early form of cable television, was sending broadcast signals to rural Pennsylvania and Oregon (Toto). By the 1960's, most people had a choice of just three channels, but now it is commonplace to have a choice of hundreds of channels. This is thanks to the development of the cable and satellite industries. Thanks largely to..."

Tags:technology, cable, satellite

Abstract
This paper discusses what the universe is made up of, its age, how stars are formed and what is the future of our solar system. It discusses the history of the exploration of the universe. The author explains how In this century large telescopes are set up, far away from city lights and traffic to gather the best data for studying the skies. A brief overview of the theories on the origin of the universe is also given. The author concludes that although new theories are constantly being proposed and science is constantly to answer the question "Where did we come from?" , until now, no answer has satisfied everyone.

From the Paper
"Man's fascination with the heavens is as old as recorded history itself. Astronomers from all civilizations medieval to the present times carefully observed the stars and their relative position in the night sky. Even in the medieval times, astronomers universally observed two features: that stars tended to drift westward with each passing night; and, despite this apparent movement, stars were always in a fixed position relative to each other. Anything that man could not explain, ending up fascinating him as did the stars. It has been stated that when man loses his desire to explore the unknown, the human race will have sounded its own death knell."

Tags:universe, astronomy, stars, westward, observations, fixed, position

Abstract
This paper looks at the Newtonian Universe, laws of gravity, the development of calculus, the laws of motion and the idea of the clockwork universe.

From the Paper
"Sir Isaac Newton was considered by many the most important figure in the development of modern science, and his accomplishments covered a broad scope, from fundamental contributions to physics and astronomy, to the invention in parallel with Liebnitz of the mathematical field of calculus and Newtonian mechanics which came to be regarded as the ultimate explanatory science. Sir Isaac Newton changed the understanding of the universe with his three laws of motion."

Tags:gravity, clockwork universe, calculus, laws of motion

Abstract
This paper answers questions about the universe: the significance of the Hubble Law, the truth and fallacies of the Big Bang theory, how we can look back by looking into space, and whether the universe will expand forever.

From the Paper
"The significance of Hubble's Law is that it allowed the calculation of an estimate of the value of the expansion of the universe. The Hubble Constant is not entirely accurate but is generally accepted to be the rate of expansion, and demonstrates that the dominant motion in the universe can be fit to an equation."

Tags:Big Bang, expanding universe

Abstract
This paper examines an article by Oliver Sacks and one by Charles Darwin, comparing and contrasting their ideas regarding the universe and organisms.

From the Paper
"The process of natural selection as advanced by Charles Darwin and the concept of evolution as defined by Oliver Sacks have something foundational in common both are admittedly theories not intended to be scientific fact but to stimulate scientific thought and research. Other than this broad similarity however the two articles are not readily comparable given that Sacks' article discusses the origin of life which would have been comparable to another of Darwin's works, Origin of Species, while Darwin's article talks ..."

Tags:universe, organism, Sacks, Darwin, natural selection

Abstract
Iridium LLC, the world's first global satellite phone and paging company created an expensive network of 66 low-earth orbiting satellites, combined with terrestrial cellular systems, which enabled customers to communicate virtually anywhere in the world using one phone and pager, one phone number and one monthly bill. This paper discusses how satellite mobile phones work. It then discusses the failure and bankruptcy of Iridium and proposes an alternative marketing strategy.

From the Paper
"One of the current problems with satellite phones is that they require direct line-of-sight with a satellite, which means that it may be difficult to use them in buildings, especially modern ones which contain a lot of metal. Because of this, satellite phones will essentially provide an outdoor, rural service. They will be complementary to land based cellular systems and not competition for them."

Tags:Motorola, AT&T, Wireless, LEO

Abstract
The paper looks at the role of asteroid impact on the extinction of the dinosaurs and the Great Dying of the Permian period. It looks at direct and indirect physical evidence.

From the Paper
"he article under review is titled "Repeated Blows: Did Extraterrestrial Collisions Capable of Causing Widespread Extinctions Pound the Earth Not Once, But Twice-Or Even Several Times." It was published in the March 2002 issue of the Scientific American...."

Abstract
This paper relates that the satellite radio industry is in the very early stages with a predicted long, multi-year global growth curve. The author points out that Sirius has set the tone for the industry, being the first to offer commercial free programming on all its music channels and has larger selection of receivers, adapters and other products. XM has a cheaper subscription fee, at least for its basic plan, which offers much the same fare as its competitor. The paper concludes that Sirius and XM Satellite Radio companies have individual benefits, which will ensure their longevity in the satellite radio industry, and the companies are on a level playing field

Table of Contents
Introduction
Overview of Satellite Radio
Overview of Sirius Satellite Radio
Overview of XM Satellite Radio
Comparative Analysis of Sirius and XM Satellite Radio

From the Paper
"Just as many TV viewers have come to consider cable TV a life necessity, so too is satellite radio becoming a mainstream replacement for traditional AM/FM listening. Similar to cable, this service has to be paid for, but just as with cable, you get a lot more channels and edgier, more innovative programming. An additional benefit is that there is no loss of your favorite station as you travel across the state or country. As an added plus, satellite players show the artist and name of the song, which is definitely an incentive for those who like to know what they're listening to."

Tags:automobile, receivers, subscription, growth, sound

Abstract
The paper should look at both pros and cons of satellite TV. The television signals transmitted by a satellite are quite different from the television or radio signals that are broadcast over the air. Satellite TV is transmitted by microwaves. Microwaves don't behave like the lower frequency radio waves of off-air television or radio, which can bounce off obstructions, clouds, and the ground. Microwaves are strictly line of sight. In order for a satellite dish to receive a signal, there can be no obstruction between the transmitting satellite and the receiving satellite dish.

Abstract
This paper discusses the consensus reached by the International Astronomical Union in 2006 on the official definition of a planet, and the consequent reclassification of Pluto as a "dwarf planet." The writer explains what is known about Pluto today and describes the background to the controversy and the discoveries that led to the challenging of Pluto's status as a planet. Many scientists today still believe that Pluto is in fact a planet, and support a more expansive definition of what are called planets. The paper concludes that, as our knowledge of what constitutes planets continues to expand, Pluto may once again be considered a planet.

From the Paper
"The recent controversy over Pluto's status as a planet reveals the fact that quite often, what seems like a scientific certainty is still quite contentious within the scientific community, when new discoveries are made through improved technology. In 1995, discoveries of large planets around other stars, plus new objects that are neither planet nor star, and free-floating objects in space that look like planets but do not orbit stars forced astronomers to reformulate definitions of what constituted a planet (Britt 2000). Extrasolar planets may originate as brown dwarf stars, lack light, and are even in some cases as large as Jupiter, yet they orbit stars like planets (Britt 2000). In defining whether these burnt-out brown dwarfs were planets in the early 90s were planets, the issue of Pluto's planetary status again came to the forefront of scientific debate."

Tags:comet, solar system, trans-Neptunian extrasolar, Kuiper Belt, asteroid universe orbit satellite