Abstract This paper examines how the European Court of Justice functions with regards to the individual nations that comprise the European Union. The paper begins with an overview of procedure, including a description of the court's purview over preliminary rulings. Next, the paper analyzes the right of EU citizens to sue a national government if they believe it failed to protect its rights as a citizen of the EU. In particular, the paper examines application of this right in the United Kingdom. A detailed discussion of precedent cases follows, including one about asylum-seekers and another about motor vehicles injury compensation.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper "The European Court of Justice can decide certain types of cases when they are brought up before it, but the main function of the court is to issue rulings of the court which are called preliminary rulings. This is actually the main job of the court. For these rulings the national courts approach the European Court for the interpretation of the European Community in the correct manner. Once the national court has approached the European Court, and has been given a ruling, the national court is expected to go by that ruling. This is the main purpose of having the Court, in so far as it makes a uniform application of EC law throughout the Union. There is an obligation on the part of the national or supreme courts to ask for a preliminary ruling if they have any doubts as to the interpretation of any particular piece f legislation hat has been given by EC. This is for all issues which are regarding the basic ones as also certain issues regarding police co-operation and the methods of establishing closer co-operation between countries. There is no compulsion on the reference of issues of the second type (Preliminary rulings)."
Abstract This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the book "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" by Ken Kesey. Specifically, the paper discusses the religious symbolism in the book, including the idea of the character, McMurphy as a Jesus figure. The paper concludes that it is easy to see many symbols in this novel, but that the Jesus symbols are difficult to ignore.
From the Paper "Several other symbols pointing to the religious nature of this book are the many characters on the ward who become McMurphy's followers or "disciples." The Chief is one, and he is the one who finally rescues McMurphy from his fate and escapes to spread the "message" around the world. He is a convincing disciple as McMurphy gradually brings him back to the real world to act as his messenger and ally. Critic Lupack continues, "M. Gilbert Porter, for instance, who discusses this aspect of the novel at length, notes that Chief displays rhyme on his way to reason; he has 'both the special vision that characterizes the seer and the power of description that characterizes the sayer'" (Lupack 73). By the end of the novel, the Chief is both, and he has found his own calling in addition. Another important disciple is Billy Bibbit, who McMurphy cures of his stuttering. However, Bibbit cracks under Ratched's psychological manipulation and "rats" on McMurphy for bringing the prostitutes into the ward. That seals McMurphy's fate and makes Bibbit a Judas who betrays his master. He then commits suicide, and Ratched blames McMurphy, when she is the one that really drove Bibbit to suicide when she threatened to tell his mother what he was doing with the girl."
Abstract This paper discusses the differences between refugees and migrants and looks at why these distinctions are important for political reasons. Specifically, the paper discusses trends of migrant and refugee movements over time. The paper also looks at the ways that migrants and refugees are referred to within the United Nations and the laws that relate to these two groups.
From the Paper "It is important thus to create a set of clear procedures and screening process that would allow genuine asylum seekers to get refuge. For this reason, a distinction is sought between migrant and refugee. In quite poignant manner, the Convention states that a migrant is someone who may lose better quality of life if he is turned down, a refugee is someone who might lose his life altogether. The Convention and other UNHR handbooks offer clear guidelines on the issue of distinction between migrants and refugees. One handbook revised in 2007 makes the distinction between a migrant and a refugee in these words: "A migrant is a person who, for reasons other than those contained in the definition, voluntarily leaves his country in order to take up residence elsewhere. He may be moved by the desire for change or adventure, or by family or other reasons of a personal nature. If he is motivated exclusively by economic considerations, he is an economic migrant and not a refugee. The distinction between an economic migrant and a refugee is, however, sometimes blurred in the same way as the distinction between economic and political measures in an applicant's country of origin is not always clear.""
