Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that in most cases, when a company manufactures or sells a product, it is assumed that the product is free from any special risks or dangers for the purchaser. The writer also notes that if a company provides a service, it is generally taken for granted that use of the service by customers will not result in any undue injury to the user of that service. However, the writer points out that there exist cases wherein the use of a product or service may entail certain risk of injury that is considered automatically to be the responsibility of the user of that product or service. The writer argues that in today's climate, businesses must be more aware than ever of the potential liabilities of the products they sell and the services they offer. Furthermore, the writer maintains that businesses should do all they can to see to it that their products are not misused, taking whatever legal steps are necessary to see that their products and services are not intentionally used in the commission of criminal acts.

From the Paper
"The doctrine was used to absolve employers of risk on the grounds that their employees had voluntarily undertaken such work and, as they had given their consent, this consent implied a recognition of the potential hazards."
"Workplace accidents can often be attributed to processes used in manufacturing, or to chemicals and other agents employed in factories or other workplaces. In this case, chemicals and machinery would be considered products that are knowingly, and with consent, used by the employees. Again, the first assumption would be that such employees give their consent to use these items. However, it is possible to conceive of a situation in which employees, though consenting to work at a particular job and under certain conditions, are unaware of the real dangers of the equipment or chemicals used in connection with their work."

Tags:customers, service, goods, danger, injury

Abstract
The paper presents answers to four questions that test a student's comprehension of Halpern (2003). The paper explains that these are analyzing evidence, human habits of mind that interfere with inference and assumption, as opposed to induction and fact, NB concepts such as the slippery slope, the camel's nose and blue bus and common errors of reasoning as they pertain to the social and applied sciences.

From the Paper
"The questions and responses below pertain to Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 9. (Halpern, 2003) They involve concepts and errors of assumption and interference. Question No. I. Scenario: Mr. X has been charged with "Murder I", or the premeditated murder of his former business partner, Mrs. Y. His lawyer is arguing that although Mr. X had a role contributing to Mrs. Y's death, this was not intentional, and that he is therefore, not guilty of manslaughter. The lawyer proceeds from a point of contesting the charge, demanding evidence to support Mr. X having intentionally killed his business partner."

Tags:psychology, halpern, reasoning

Abstract
The paper examines and critically evaluates two core metaphysical assumptions made by the New Age movement stemming from a misunderstanding of quantum physics: the metaphysical idea that all things are connected, and the corollary and equally dubious assumption that a person's mental state can have an effect on the universe.

From the Paper
"Like any epistemology, the New Age movement has at its heart a plethora of core assumptions. These metaphysical assumptions constitute the way in which individuals perceive and understand their place in the world. The purpose of this essay is to examine and critically evaluate two core metaphysical assumptions made by the New Age movement stemming from a misunderstanding of quantum physics: the idea that all things are connected, and the corollary assumption that one's mental state can affect the universe. The New Age movement often contends that "only thoughts are real and that...""

Tags:new, age, assumptions

Abstract
This paper compares two books written about the extermination of Jewish people: ?Ordinary Men,? (Christopher Browning) and ?Resisting the Holocaust? (ed. Ruby Rohrlich) and tries to show how every human has the ability to become a murderer if he/she were placed under the correct circumstances.

From the Paper
"The men who carried out the anti-Semitic operations were "too old to be of use to the German army" (Browning 1). Instead they were drafted into the Order Police where they would carry out behind-the-scenes procedures not important enough to require trained officers of the military. Instead of selecting the men most suited for the task of executing the Jews, it is most likely that they were not fit enough to make any other contribution to the war effort. Most of them had no previous military training and many of them went back to their previous occupations after the war had ended, having completed their required service (Browning 144). "

Tags:browning, cohen, extermination, final, gas, genocide, german, holocaust, ii, jewish, jews, mass, murder, reich, resistance, rohrlich, solution, third, war, world

Abstract
This paper is a critical thinking essay on an assumptions scenario proposed by the instructor. The scenario details the problems that Jeffrey is having at work and his consideration to find new employment. The paper outlines some of the major assumptions that Jeffrey makes in this scenario, proposes how to validate those assumptions, discusses some other alternatives and finally discusses how to check the assumptions that are being made.

From the Paper
"In the scenario in question, Jeffrey is a 40-something manager for a business based out of Chicago. He has become increasingly frustrated with his job, however, primarily because he feels under appreciated. For a number of reasons, Jeffrey believes that his boss gives him no respect at work. As a direct result, Jeffrey has begun to shop around for other employment. He is particularly enamored with a job in California. The interviewer he talked to was especially flattering, a fact that Jeffrey feels will translate to greater regard and recognition. However, what Jeffrey fails to recognize at this point is that his conclusions are based on a number of assumptions that may or may not be true. There are five major assumptions that Jeffrey makes in this scenario that drive his decision-making process and yet which may not be entirely accurate."

Tags:critical, thinking, assumptions

Abstract
This paper analyzes cognitive theories, assumptions, propositions and applications of human development and learning. It looks at some of the many ways in which cognitive development can be learned. It then focuses on three assumptions about children and human nature which might be problematic for educators, specifically early childhood educators.

Table of Contents:
Major Assumptions and Propositions
Comparison of Cognitive Theories: Bruner and Vygotsky
Constructivism and the Classroom

From the Paper
"In the 80s and 90s, a form of information processing theory called connectionism was formulated to describe and predict non-linear thinking. Otherwise known as parallel distributed processing, this theory describes the mind as a large, multiple networks of associations. Each network responds to new experience by becoming either stronger or weaker, and each operating independently of and in parallel with the others (Siefert, 2002). After each experience, relevant networks adapt to better a child's future performance.Balancing a cup of juice, for example, stimulates various sensory associations within a child's hand, arm, and body. Some of these become stronger and others weaker as experience with cups of juice accumulate, but the eventual result an ability to balance a cup (Siefert, 2002). The assumptions supporting connectionism are more compatible with the realities of classroom life. It is noted that learning by children takes place because synchronized learning of separate networks that integrate."

Tags:classroom, constructivism, thinking

Abstract
This paper examines how since the implementation of the modern British welfare state in 1945, the various regimes have been organized around an ideological triangle of family, work and nation. It looks at how this concept draws attention to the way in which welfare policies and practices are the product of a society characterized by normative representations of class, race and gender, which in turn determine the constitution of welfare citizenship. It shows how since 1945, ideological assumptions underpinning the social settlement have altered along with the changing political, economic and social landscape of Britain. It maps these changes, demonstrating the consequences for the development of successive welfare regimes. It also gives a chronological account of the way in which assumptions about class, race and gender influence welfare policy and practice.

From the Paper
"During the immediate post-war years there was a significant labor shortage and so the British government began a deliberate policy of encouraging immigration from Commonwealth countries. The British Nationality Act 1948 enshrined in law the right of Commonwealth citizens and their families to work and settle in Britain. However, many migrants found that despite Commonwealth citizenship, their immediate welfare needs were not being met (Clarke et al, 2001). For example, the eligibility criteria for provision of public housing, with regards to length of residence, served to exclude the newly arrived migrants."

Tags:citizenship, class, conservatism, discrimination, immigration, labour, liberalism

Abstract
This is a brief examination of a case in which the primary issue is whether or not the plaintiff's actions fall under the doctrine of the voluntary assumption of risk. The case involves George who is suing the Free Fall School because he broke his leg during his first jump. After a review of the facts and relevant precedent, the paper concludes that the doctrine applies and George should not be compensated.

From the Paper
"The issue in the case of George v. Free Fall School is whether or not the doctrine of voluntary assumption of risk applies to the injuries George sustained while skydiving. According to that doctrine, an individual cannot claim compensation if he put himself willfully into a situation that is known to be dangerous. George, the plaintiff, presumes to have a right to compensation from the Free Fall School because he broke his leg during his first skydiving jump. However, a brief examination of the facts of the case and a similar, relevant case reveals that this is not so. George had some experience skydiving, having made two tandem jumps with his father years before. His experiences with the Free Fall School constituted his first solo jumps. However, it is not as if George made this jump without any training."

Tags:law, risk, analysis

Abstract
The author challenges the thesis presented by Judith Harris, in her book "The Nurture Assumption," that divorce does not have a long-term affect on children. The author first reviews Ms. Harris' book, and then, using research by other people in the field, such as Judith Wallerstein, refutes her theories on children and divorce. Some of the topics discussed include the parent-child relationship, family structure, economic affects of divorce and single-parent families.

From the Paper
"Harris holds the view that living in a nice neighborhood the children of single parents do as much better as other kids. Children of single parents are no more likely to drop out of school or get pregnant than the children of two-parent households, she writes, as long as they stay in the same middle-class neighborhoods. Wallerstein and her co-authors do not agree. The authors write: "Although many people no longer believe the myth that children always benefit from a divorce that makes parents happier, it continues to exert subtle, unconscious influences on how we think about divorce and our reactions to it. It has encouraged parents to expect that their children will approve their decision." According to the authors this attitude makes it easy for divorced parents to concentrate of their search for new lovers and jobs devoting less time to their children and not properly preparing them for the effects of divorce. The children pay the price."

Tags:children, family, environment, depression, abuse, health, mental, influences, mobility, friendship, learning, development

Abstract
This paper looks at how conclusions of the neo classical model of prices and markets are undermined by the existence of market failure and by the implied assumption that economic agents do not learn from experience.

Tags:neo, classical, model