Abstract
Examines legal cases and Court decisions involving verbal attacks, focusing on racial issues. The paper argues against unlimited freedom of speech.

From the Paper
VERBAL ASSAULTS AND FREEDOM OF SPEECH

This research paper discusses the zone of constitutional protection afforded verbal assaults under the First Amendment.

Such assaults, particularly those containing racial slurs or insults, should not be insulated from legal prohibition as free speech because their toleration encourages violation of equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment of racial minorities and poisons the dialogue and relations among races in a manner detrimental to the healthy functioning of democracy in a pluralistic society.

Demise of the Fighting Words Doctrine
The First Amendment of the Constitution provides, in part: "Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press." According to conservative critic of the ..."

From the Paper
"Introduction

An important philosophical construct of the American criminal Justice system, "presumption of innocence," holds that any citizen is "presumed" to be innocent until "proven" to be guilty. The primary venue for proving one's guilt or affirming one's innocence traditionally has been a court of law. However, during recent years it appears that a secondary venue has evolved, one in which a citizen is "presumed" to be guilty and is seldom, if ever, given a chance to "prove" his or her innocence. Trials conducted in this secondary venue, the dally newspaper, are quite free from the constraints of the formal courtroom. This practice of "trial.by.newspaper" is most apparent whenever a sexual crime has been committed.

The validity of this charge will be apparent at the ..."

Abstract
This paper examines two studies of spatial analysis of aggravated assaults in public housing, the first study being of the progression over a nine year period and the other comparing two dissimilar housing layouts. The paper relates that the statistical analysis of crimes and victims is a difficult proposition, quantifying the how, where and why of an aberrant act and then attempting to establish a causal relationship from the surrounding environment. This paper is an examination of two such studies, one where the crime rate was measured over a nine year period in terms of location and the surrounding locale with respect to housing density, the other was a direct comparison of two different public housing configurations in different cities in the same year. The paper shows how the use of a Geographical Information System to associate a precise location of each crime, better statistical data can be developed. The paper reaches the conclusion that the less dense and dilapidated the housing and surrounding neighborhood is, the less likely an aggravated assault might occur.

Tags:public housing, gis, study

Abstract
Student has done an introductory paper towards research involving therapy as it is laid on for sexual assault survivors in North America; role of different theories; criticism; what victims often wish they could find; research design for future inductive paper asking sexual assault survivors, their helpers, social workers and others what they feel would be most helpful; problems in finding suitable help.

From the Paper
Approaches to Survivors of Sexual Assault. Introduction From the 1980s, victims of sexual assault have often received therapy attending to natural reactions of acute depression, anxiety, anger, fear, flashbacks or other unpleasant states associated with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This is held up as the road ahead for male and female victims of sexual assault as means a process of healing that is similar o even the same for everyone, although female victims, at least, are much more discussed as part of a post-1960s campaign in Western countries to inform the public as to the nature of sexual assault, its

Tags:sex assault, therapy, models

Abstract
The paper discusses how sexual assault is a problem that appears to plague all human communities. The paper relates that females are overwhelmingly the victims, while males are overwhelmingly the perpetrators. This means that in most societies, girls grow up in fear of sexual assault, and in fact, are likely to become victims of this crime at some point in their lives (Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2005). The paper examines theories that explain this widespread and destructive crime.

From the Paper
"Sexual assault is a problem that appears to plague all human communities. Females are overwhelmingly the victims, while males are overwhelmingly the perpetrators. This means that in most societies, girls grow up in fear of sexual assault, and in fact, are likely to become victims of this crime at some point in their lives (Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2005). How can this widespread and destructive crime be explained adequately? Criminologists have come up with several theories to explain the causes of crime in general. Some such theories are micro-level theories, in that they try to explain crime with reference primarily to the individual."

Tags:sexual, assault, microlevel

Abstract
This paper gives an explanation of the concept of assault and battery under the Tort Law ( civil law ). Both concepts are treated separately. The conditions for any assault or battery to take place are explained with examples throughout.

From the Paper
"Humans are aggressive and violent by nature. There are people who are capable of committing serious acts of violence against their own kind. Since the beginning of civilizations, crime has remained an integral part of our society and will continue to plague it. In order to harness the violent nature of mankind, societies evolved rules and regulations commonly known as the laws. Any person found violating these laws is subjected to punishment which not only curtails the criminal's freedom but also serves as a deterrent for others. Law is a complicated subject but ignorance of law is no excuse. A common person generally has some knowledge about criminal law because incidents related to crime and delinquency remain on forefront of media. The other types of law do not form any sensational news and therefore remain in background. The purpose of this paper is to focus on civil law (commonly known as Tort Law) and analyze the implications of Assault and Battery by identifying the differences between the two and quoting suitable examples of each."

Tags:assault, battery, civil, intentional, law, torts, implications

Abstract
This paper offers an all-encompassing study on sexual assault. It defines sexual assault and its far reaching effects. The author continues to discuss methods in which sexual abuse can be effectively treated and reduced. The paper analyzes existing sexual assault centers, mainly in Alberta, and how reform needs to be made with continued research and changes to the justice system in the hope of improving the overall health and well being of individuals. Also included are flow charts and matrix to support and quantify the authors opinions.

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Prevalence
Effects of Sexual Assault
OBJECTIVES: WHAT CAN BE DONE?
Reduce the Occurrence of Sexual Assault
Improve Survivors Recovery Process
ALTERNATIVES
Current System: Independent Sexual Assault Centers with Private Funding
Independent Sexual Assault Centers with Government funding
Amalgamation of Sexual Assault Center Services with Other Services
STAKEHOLDERS
Survivors
Supporters
Service Providers (Crisis Centres)
General Population
Government
Funders
CRITERIA
Prevention
Efficacy
Cost Effectiveness
Efficiency
Access
Choice
Equity
Safety
MULTI-CRITERIA MATRIX EVALUATION
Criteria by Alternatives
Alternative 1: Independent Sexual Assault Centers with private funding
Alternative 2: Independent Sexual Assault Centers with Government funding
Alternative 3: Amalgamation of Sexual Assault Center Services with Other Services
Criteria by Stakeholders
Survivors
Supports
Service Providers
General Population
Government
Funders
Objectives by Stakeholders
Objectives by Alternatives
Objectives by Criteria
Stakeholders by Alternatives
CONCLUSION
Appendix A
Policy: Sexual Assault Multi-
Sexual Assault Policy Multi - Criteria Matrix
References

From the Paper
"Sexual assault and sexual abuse, though often not acknowledged, are very prevalent in our Western society. A Statistics Canada survey conducted in 1993 found that 39% of adult women in Canada have experienced at least one incident of sexual assault, as defined by the Criminal Code of Canada, since the age of sixteen (Statistics Canada, 1993). FBI annual statistics have estimated lifetime prevalence rates of one in four women and one in eight men who will be sexually assaulted (Rennison, 1999). These findings are concurrent with other studies that have been conducted by various researchers in both Canada and the United States (Koss, 1993; LoVerso, 2001; Bagley, 1984; DeKeserdy et al, 1993). Given the taboo around sexual assault and sexual abuse along with fears of not being believed and feeling somehow responsible for the assault, it is likely that these prevalence rates are underestimates of the true prevalence rates because of underreporting (Kahn and Andreoli, 2000)."

Tags:Alberta, justice, system, support, center

Abstract
This paper discusses the crime of sexual assault. It looks at the reasons why sexual assault is extremely under-reported and the psychological toll that a sexual assault can take on the victim. It also discusses the possible end results following sexual assault, as well as the experience of a trial.

From the Paper
"The process of a trial can be both therapeutic and traumatic for a victim of sexual assault. Hopefully if society keeps going in the same direction with education, awareness, and lessening the stigma, the act of reporting an assault will be easier and more likely in the future. There are already numerous programs and community outreach groups that are dedicated to victim advocacy. Our next step is to continue raising awareness about rape and assault prevention, and to work towards lessening the stigma of sexual assault so that more victims are willing to report it, even if it means facing a long and grueling trial process. Ultimately, though crimes of this nature can have a devastating effect and those hurt by it, there are many things we can do to turn the trauma into something good."

Tags:rape, violence, evidence, trauma

Abstract
Every two and a half minutes, somewhere in America, someone is sexually assaulted. This paper examines what exactly constitutes sexual assault and whether it can be considered a form of rape. It looks at the impact sexual assault has on the victim, as well as on society and the criminal justice system.

From the Paper
"Sexual Assault impacts nearly every person in America in some way because a total of 17.7 million women have been victims of these crimes. That's one out of every six American women. Unfortunately, we all know someone that has been a victim of this in some fashion. Sexual assault is not limited to the poor or undereducated, it can happen at every level of social, economic, and educational strata. There are no monetary, ethnic, or religious connections that create attackers. They can be the college boy next door, or the professor of a major university, a car salesman, or a major sports icon, multi-million dollar a year financial advisor, or a cable TV repairman."

Tags:attack, rape, sex, crime

Abstract
This paper presents a number of central themes that help to outline how the current sexual assault laws are falling short of meeting community expectations because of the environment in which they operate and the way in which they are implemented. The paper discusses the law itself and explores the myths that pervade society illustrating how these affect the implementation of the law both outside and within the courtroom. The paper examines evidentiary procedures in sexual assault trials, the notion of consent, the belief of the accused, the chaste woman and sentencing.

From the Paper
"It is impossible to accurately measure whether the majority of society is more, or less, supportive of rape prone behavior. In any case, it is not that simple to draw the distinction. What I can say with a degree of optimism though, is that just as you didn't have the same level of acceptance for alternative sexual preferences forty years ago, you also didn't have the openness and sheer volume of discussion about sexual assault and the experiences of women who enter the legal system. It is my opinion that community attitudes, while they may always be diverse and divided, are generally becoming more sympathetic to the needs of women and less likely to tolerate a society that allows female subordination. It is a time of transition for the Western world and that is the positive stance I will be taking when I refer to "society's" attitudes. While the laws in their current form are an improvement and a beginning, it is the attitudes of those members of society who fall out of my definition, that need to change before they can be implemented in a way that is truly valuable to women."

Tags:rape, women, abuse