Abstract
This paper is an examination of the topic of terrorist assassinations and the advantages of assassinating terrorists rather than using military force to seek them out and bring them to justice. The writer presents the need to use assassinations as a measure for counter terrorism only and not as a preventative method. It gives a history of the use of terrorist assassinations, offering an exploration of state sanctioned assassinations. The paper analyzes support in the US for this policy and concludes that there is a place in US policy for counter terrorist assassinations in light of the new era of terrorism.

From the Paper
"The world watched in hopeless horror when the WTC came down on 9-11-2001. When it was over thousands of innocent civilians were dead, billions of dollars in property damage was done, the Pentagon had been hit, and the nation's confidence had been shaken to the core. The terrorist attack on America triggered a worldwide hunt for the perpetrators and other terrorists who may threaten the nation in the future."

Tags:counter, terrorism, US, preventative, history, state, sanctioned, era, method, policy

Abstract
This paper looks at the assassination of prominent American figures, as well as terrorist attacks of Middle Eastern origin, such as 9/11. This paper also takes a look at the word 'assassin', its origin and its meaning.

Contents:
Assassinations
A problem of Middle Eastern Origin
Could George Do What He Did?
Assassination Prior to 1975
Non-state Threats to National Security: Assassinating Thugs?
Assassination as "Alternative Justice
Conclusion

From the Paper
"That was almost a decade ago, and terror suicide bombing had not stopped or even slacked off until the recent accords. So it must be asked whether assassination is ever truly fruitful in terms of diminishing attacks and enhancing national security. Silverstein offers another more extensive 'assassination' scenario to attempt to prove that it is.
During the Vietnam era, the United States CIA and South Vietnamese agencies ran a program to uncover and neutralize members of the Viet Cong who were "secretly directing subversion and terror campaigns in South Vietnam--communists who aimed to undercut the stability of South Vietnam's evolving proto-democracy" (Silverstein, 2001, p. 36+). It was regarded as a success, with about 33,000 Viet Cong incarcerated, 22,000 'turned' to another way of thinking, and 26,000 killed. Despite the fact that it offered options other than assassination, the program "turned out to be highly effective in eliminating terror and subversion in South Vietnam...[and] "The ranks of Viet Cong terrorists were thinned so drastically that the war became less of a counter-guerilla battle and more a struggle against invading regular North Vietnamese troops" (Silverstein, 2001, p. 36+)."

Tags:murder, bomb, terror, victim, president

Abstract
The author of this paper shows how George Packer's book, "The Assassins' Gate: America in Iraq", offers us some perspective on the Iraq conflict and what has gone wrong, through a combination of anecdote, interview, and analysis. The author of the paper explains Packer's ideas of America's "War on Terror" and on the situation that the Americans have created in Iraq. The paper's author labels this book as highly readable and profoundly challenging, and asserts that we need more such qualified, reasonable, truly liberal and inclusive conversation.

From the Paper
"It is good that we have magazines, in addition to television and newspapers, for without the former we would be even more uninformed than we are about the war in Iraq. Magazines such as Harper's, the The New Yorker, and the Atlantic Monthly allow for the kind of reporting the war seems to call for and which is the best kind; writers can develop articles of some length, trace complicated origins and engage in subtle discussions, escape the frame of partisan sound bytes, and work without the incessant pressure to provide new stories, and the faux objectivity that govern editorial policy at all but the major newspapers and every television network. In the discussion of Iraq, however, even the extended format of the magazine has its limits. For the question of what is happening in Iraq is intrinsically complicated, far more so than is usual because events there can never be understood, or even intelligently discussed, without considering several layers of truth and meaning- or at least without discussing the pedigree of the war, and the war that might have been but was not. Multilayered truth requires sophisticated narrative, and George Packer's The Assassin's Gate blends the various genres in his wide and deep repertoire with nearly flawless skill. The result is both highly readable and profoundly challenging."

Tags:War, on, Terror, Saddam, occupiers, troops, Bush, administration, insurgency

Abstract
This paper explains that ethnic conflicts are usually identity-based in that the involved groups desire to exclude each other. The author points out that ethnic conflicts, war and terrorism are usually the result of the influence of charismatic leaders that persuade people into sharing their beliefs and performing their wishes. The paper relates that the use of violence or threat with political intentions aimed towards minorities or communities is usually carried out by non-governmental groups or secret organizations, which operate outside the regular parameters of official war or political negotiation.

From the Paper
"Those traditions usually lead to ethnic issues as well. In order to define ethnic conflicts we should establish the different situations where ethnic groups interact within society. An ethnic group is a collectivity that identifies itself based on elements such as language, religion, race, or the combination of all of those elements, and that share a common identity feeling with other members of the same group that may also be identified as nations, people, minorities or communities. Ethnic conflicts are usually social, political or religious."

Tags:panic, leadership, collectivity, genocide, assassinations

Abstract
This paper examines how the term terrorist regime dates from the Reign of Terror (1793-94) in the French Revolution and how it has taken on additional meaning in the 20th century. It looks at how terrorism involves activities such as assassinations, bombings, random killings, and hijackings. Used for political, not military, purposes, and most typically by groups too weak to mount open assaults, it is a modern tool of the alienated, and its psychological impact on the public has increased because of extensive coverage by the media. The paper also provides a philosophical look at the rules and principals that can be found in any terrorist organization with a focus on specific groups.

Outline:
History
Rules and Principles
International Organization

From the Paper
"The first treaty signed and ratified by states that had to do with terrorism was in 1963 at the Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft. This treaty applies to "acts affecting in-flight safety; authorizes the aircraft commander to impose reasonable measures, including restraint, on any person he or she has reason to believe has committed or is about to commit such an act, when necessary to protect the safety of the aircraft; [and] requires contracting states to take custody of offenders and to return control of the aircraft to the lawful commander." Other conventions that combated terrorism in some way or another followed, which included: the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, signed at the Hague on 16 December 1970. "

Tags:9/11, hijackings, plo, ctc

Abstract
The paper discusses The Revolutionary People's Liberation Party, also known as Dev Sol. This is a Turkish terrorist organization which began as Devrimci Sol in 1978. This party opposes Turkey, the United States and NATO with a mission to create a socialist state and the abolition of one to three man prison cells called F type prisons. The group has been noted as having participated in the assassination of U.S. military contractors, U.S. military personnel, bombings of United States and NATO facilities overseas and the assassination of Turkish dignitaries. The group also organizes suicide bombings directed at Turkish and United States sources.

Tags:terrorism, profiles, groups

Abstract
This paper examines leaders such as Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi and Henry David Thoreau who have questioned and even disobeyed certain laws for the good of a greater cause and who recognized the value of peaceful protest. It analyzes different types of protests and evaluates whether they are justified.

Outline

Introduction: Theories on the Origins and Nature of Protest
Violent Political Protest
Urban Riots
Assassinations
Revolutions
Terrorism
Peaceful Political Protest
Picketing
Sit-ins
Boycotts
History of Protest
Laws Against Protest
Peaceful Leaders
Martin Luther King
"I Have Been To The Mountaintop"
"Montgomery Bus Boycott" (Time Magazine)
"Civil Rights and Social Wrongs?" (AA Review)
Mahatma Gandhi
"The Story of My Experiments with Truth: An Autobiography"
"Community, Violence, and Peace"
Henry David Thoreau
Civil Disobedience
Definition
Applicability to Modern Society
Just Cause, Civil Protest and the Law
Theories on and Approaches to Conflict and its Resolution or Management
Evolution of the Concept of 'Just Cause'
Alternative Means for Achieving Social-Political Change
Non-violence
Is it Effective?
How has it evolved?
Civil disobedience
Legal/Constitutional Restrictions on Breaking the Law for "Just Cause"
Conclusion

From the Paper
"While there is certainly no legal or moral justification for violent acts for the sake of change, there are legal and peaceful alternatives to questioning authority available, such as picketing, sit-ins and boycotts. One of the most famous boycotts in protest history was the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which constituted the official beginning of the Civil Rights movement. The protest occurred when the black community of Montgomery, Alabama decided that they would boycott the city buses until they were no longer required to give up their seats for whites."

Tags:gandhi, justice, king, thoreau, black, panthers, terrorism, protest, boycott

Abstract
The paper is an investigation of the domestic, political conditions that led to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the ensuing crises. It frames the events of that day in the context of Serb domestic politics. Intro includes note on sources, background and Pan-Serbism historical context, nationalism, Balkan wars, previous coups and assassinations, and previous crises in the region. It also provides a brief history of terrorism, militant groups, and militias in Serbia.

From the Paper
"Is it possible that history consists primarily of chaos and chance? When theories of dialectic historicism fail us, or when studies of the "great men" leave gaps, are we not left with dumb luck alone? Where would we be today if the Archduke of Austria-Hungary had taken another road? Would ten million have died if Gavrilo Princip had panicked at his chance to take the life of the heir to the Hapsburg throne? It seems impossibly fascinating to think that sheer coincidence tipped off the spiraling of Europe into the godforsaken trenches for more than half a decade. Unfortunately, as seductive as this what-if history may seem, there were actually some concrete factors at play on the fateful day in June of 1914. The Serbs had seen a rising patriotism across their society since the Balkan Wars. The government had no control over its own security forces, which developed into a state within a state. The militias popping up all over the Balkans were beyond of the control of authorities. Had Princip failed, it is not inconceivable that another disillusioned young radical would have eventually crossed a line somewhere and set things into motion. The conditions in Serbia at the time made it possible, with the atmosphere of rising nationalism, a growing militant movement uncontrollable by civil authorities, and an expanding and dangerous unaccountability on the part of certain elements of the Serb security forces. It was these domestic conditions, born out of history and contemporary conditions, which set the stage for the tragic murders of Sarajevo."

Tags:apis, black, ferdinand, hand, pasic, princip, sarajevo, serbian

Abstract
The paper explains that the current Israeli government's position regarding Israeli/Palestinian violence violence over the past few months continues to be based upon Israel's determination to punish Hamas terrorists who carry out attacks on Israel and to target for assassination Hamas leaders who advocate and support such attacks. The paper discusses how this policy has been controversial, has been condemned as state-sponsored terrorism by many Palestinians and presents even more dilemmas for the new Israeli government now that Hamas has won the recent elections and controls the Palestinian government.

Tags:israel, palestinian, violence

Abstract
This paper studies the life of the former dictator of the Dominican Republic, Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina. The author gives a background on Rafael Trujillo, charting his military career, and his rise to presidency. The paper speaks of Rafael Trujillo's thirty-one year reign of terror, otherwise known as "The Era of Trujillo". Although seemingly a good leader, who minimized the national debt and kept the currency stable, the paper also describes Rafael Trujillo's order for the mass killing of all Haitians on Dominican land, and the usage of the 'torture chamber' for people who were caught by his secret police.

From the Paper
"For thirty-one years El Jefe was the status quo in regards to Dominican politics affecting the lives of his country men and his neighboring states. Despite being a ruthless mass murder, Rafael Trujillo was able maintain somewhat of descent standing with the international community up until the years leading to his murder. During his thirty plus years of terror tens of thousands died at his hands and the only consequence to his actions was a slap on the wrist from the international community. Trujillo's regime did produce one positive feature by inspiring many brave souls, such as the Mirabel sisters, who had the valor to fight against evil for a free country and their families. This offers hope that in the face of malevolence there shall always be good men and women standing up for what is just and right in the world."

Tags:dictatorship, revolutions, assassinations