Abstract
This paper examines the disease of Asiatic cholera, and how it was able to leave its Indian Sub-Continent habitat and invade the world on a global scale. The paper discusses how the rapid globalization of the nineteenth century facilitated the spread of cholera to Europe. The paper also traces European development in understanding the disease on a global scale, noting that the terrible cholera epidemics brought competing nations together in efforts to prevent the further spread of cholera. Finally, the paper concludes that cholera was initially viewed from the European perception as a disease that originated from a "barbarian" land and would be unable to penetrate the civilized industrial Europe; however, cholera was well-suited to survive and flourish in the poor conditions created by the rapid growth of urban cities created by industrialization.

From the Paper
"Nineteenth century Europe also saw the emergence of international cooperation in dealing with the cholera epidemic. From 1851 until the turn of the century there were eight International Sanitary Conferences aimed at tackling the cholera problem. The conferences looked to unite not from suffering from cholera but by working together to prevent its spread. Although signalled as an event which started internationalism it did attract some criticism. Contrary to the description portrayed by the conference of humanity as a big family, the conference was heavily biased towards Europe, with observers calling internationalisms flaw to be Eurocentrism. Despite being seen as a global effort it was seen to be Europe against the evil originating Asia, therefore focusing the conferences on the dangers of cholera posed to European countries. The conferences were hailed as a new chapter in world history as nations united under a common cause. However, the early conferences showed signs of internationalism in their infancy as many of the early conferences failed to receive unanimous ratification. However, towards the end of the century the European powers agreed to implement new strategies to combat cholera. The delegates devised not a borderless world nor a world of total borders, but instead, semi permeable checkpoints serving to protect Europe without hindering trade, the fundamental organ of the European economy. The cholera pandemic was the first major global event which brought the world together and raised the question that diseases were a global a burden, not one restricted to national borders."

Tags:disease, global, globalization, communicable, quarantine, preventative, sanitary, measures

Abstract
This paper describes the so-called Attic style and Asiatic style, in ancient Greek literature. According to the paper, both styles would later influence writers and speakers in Rome and much later in Britain. The paper notes that writers such as Matthew Arnold made use of an Attic prose style, while the more florid Asiatic style had its proponents as well. The paper also touches on Cicero, who lived in the Roman era and analyzed these styles, suggesting that there were several Attic styles and that the simple style was not the only Attic style at all.

From the Paper
"The so-called Attic style in Greek literature and art was supplanted for a time by the more decorative and florid Asiatic style, though the Attic revived after that and suggested again a more ascetic, brief, and witty epigrammatic style as the ideal. Both styles would later influence writers and speakers in Rome and much later in Britain, with writers like Matthew Arnold making use of an Attic prose style, while the more florid Asiatic style had its proponents as well. In the Roman era, Cicero analyzed these styles and suggested rightly that there were several Attic styles and that the simple style was not the only Attic style at all. Cicero himself became embroiled in that Attic-Asiatic debate over the meaning of each..."

Tags:cicero, attic, asiatic

Abstract
This paper compares the high-context communication patterns of Japan and most other Asiatic nations to the low-context communication style of the United States, which can lead to misunderstandings. The paper specifically discuses the stereotyping of Japanese-Americans, which ranges from their being interned during World War II to the 'model minority' myth. The paper also relates the way that Japanese and Japanese-American feminists have been fighting against the 'geisha' stereotype to achieve equality in their societies.

From the Paper
"Japanese-Americans have also often in recent years been the subject of another kind of stereotype, in contrast to the World War II 'yellow horde' attribution, particularly after the nation's great success economically in the 1980s. The adaptation of many Japanese business practices by American companies wishing to be competitive, and the highly-publicized (although somewhat misrepresented) rigor of the Japanese school system lead to the 'model minority' myth circulated in the United States."

Tags:tension acculturation, communication style, student geisha

Abstract
The image, in bronze, of the standing Buddha Nagapattinam from the 12th century belies some of the common popular assumptions about Buddhist iconography that a contemporary Westerner might hold if he or she was unfamiliar with the history of the Buddhist tradition of images in Asiatic art. This paper discusses the Nagapattinam, which depicts not the enlightened Buddha, but a teaching Buddha marked for enlightenment. It examines the philosophy behind the creation of Buddha in this particular image and presents a description of the physical features of this statue.

From the Paper
"According to the scholar Jin Weinu, all "Buddhist images" however, regardless of origin, usually ?display the thirty-two lakshanas and eighty notable physical characteristics of the Buddha,? as does the 12th century Bronze Nagapattinam statue noted specifically above, at the beginning of this essay. These thirty-two characteristic physical markers indicate that the figure, over the course of its life, sought to ?seek dignity, a singular superb ness, in order to embody all excellences and good fortune and virtue,? over the course of the Buddha's specific life phase, or this specific Buddhist incarnation over the course of his many lives, even though the image might be of a pre-Enlightened part of the Buddha's biography. (Weinu, 1999)"

Tags:sanghati, mudra, Mahayana

Abstract
This paper discusses the historicity of the Biblical story of Joseph and whether it can be placed in the second intermediate Hyksos period (c. 1650-1550 BC). The author describes what is known about the Hyksos peple from written sources and archaeological excavations, and explains why researchers have claimed that the Joseph narrative can be made to fit in this period. The author goes on to show that on a textual basis, there is a growing inconsistency between the Joseph narrative, which contains elements which point strongly to a 7th or 6th century composition date, and the Hyksos period. Further, sufficient archaeological evidence has been presented to suggest, with reservation, a 12th dynasty date for the narrative should the late-dated Joseph narrative and its plausible historic context be discovered.

Outline:
Introduction
'Men of Obscure Birth from the East'
The Joseph Narrative
Excavations at Avaris, Tell el-Dab'a
Does Joseph Belong?

From the Paper
"This paper agrees with two of Redford's principle assertions. First, that the Joseph narrative should be treated as a separate entity within the larger patriarchal narrative. Second, that Joseph was compiled in the 7th or 6th centuries BC. It diverges from Redford in questioning whether the narrative should be considered purely fictitious, in light of certain evidence both textual and physical, and that a degree of historicity does exist within the narrative. This paper's primary function, however, is to show whether the Joseph narrative can be placed in the Hyksos period, namely the Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650-1550 BC)."

Tags:theologian, historian, scholarship, Asiatic, patriarchal, Pharaoh, tomb, culture