Abstract This paper discusses the AryanBrotherhood, a white supremacist group that believes in the ideology that white people (biologically European/ American in descent) are considered the supreme race, which is similar to Adolf Hitler?s, pro-Aryan, anti-Semitic ideologies during the World War II. They originated in California in 1967, particularly at the San Quentin prison and 'hate' any individual who has black skin or is Jewish in religion. It examines how they reinforce these ideologies over people (willing or unwilling) by means of violence, political, social and economic manipulation and how evidence of such violence occurred from killings and riots made during the early establishment of the group in the 1960s, and the prevalent occurrence of crime happened during the 1990s.
From the Paper "Their primary means of distinguishing their group from the others (apart from their physical appearance, of course) is identification through the Aryan Brotherhood tattoo, since its main origins came from the prison. It was said that any individual who is not a member of this group, and is found the members of AB would immediately subject sporting the said AB tattoo to murder. The Aryan Brotherhood Gang has increased alliance with other white supremacist groups, which includes the Aryan Nations, National Alliance, American Nazi Party, Nazi Low Riders, and Dirty White Boys."
Abstract This paper examines the correctional institution recruiting-grounds of both the Aryan Nations and the Black Guerrilla Family. It looks at how the Black Guerrilla Family is typically found in adult prisons, but has also been reported as active by local law enforcement in adult jails and in juvenile correctional institutions. It also examines the BGF's enemy, the AryanBrotherhood, first formed in the early 1960s in San Quentin, which is composed predominately of outlaw bikers and the ranks of the American Nazi Party and other groups.
From the Paper "The potential danger posed to society by many of the extremist and terrorist groups and organizations that exist today can be directly assessed from their links to convicted criminals, and their associations with organized crime. There are two principle associations between domestic terrorist groups and the criminal subculture within the United States; the first and most obvious being the use of crimes such as robbery, theft and drug trafficking as a means to accumulate funding to achieve their higher goals, and secondly as a population and environment from which to recruit willing and able members."
Abstract This paper discusses the origins of the AryanBrotherhood in U.S. prisons, who are they, what they stand for, how the gangs are structured and their political views. The paper also discusses membership, but the focus is placed on the lifestyle and behaviors of the AryanBrotherhood in the prisons. Special emphasis considers how such a small prison gang is able to maintain such significant control.
From the Paper "A recent federal indictment against the Aryan Brotherhood--one of the most terrifying and powerful prison gangs in the United States--charged them with 32 ordered killings over the course of 23 years both in and out of prisons. They have had a 50% success rate (Duersten, 2005). Of course, those are just the 32 hits that federal prosecutors think that they can make stick. The Aryan Brotherhood has a long and vicious history of violence in America's prisons. Given that new members are only admitted after they have killed someone, it is very likely that the prison gang has more than just 16 successful killings to its name."
Abstract The paper provides a review of the relevant literature and identifies the conditions that allowed the Muslim Brotherhood to be successful in Egypt, the history of the organization and its founder, Hasan al Banna, and assesses whether the Muslim Brotherhood is in reality a terrorist organization. The paper discusses how the Muslim Brotherhood is foregoing terrorist activities in favor of working from within the legitimate political frameworks of Arab nations and this has allowed the group to acquire a significant amount of power. The paper concludes that only time will tell if the West possesses the wherewithal and resolve to withstand these assaults on its political, social and legal institutions.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
From the Paper "Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, many observers in the West were heard to lament the passing of the "good old days" of the Cold War when the enemy was clearly known and its geographic borders clearly delineated. By sharp contrast, following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the threats against the United States from within and without are largely from non-state actors that can wreak havoc against America and its allies with apparently virtual impunity. One group that has received a growing amount of attention from policymakers and analysts in recent years is the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt which is suspected of sponsoring such terrorist activities."
Abstract This paper discusses the ancient roots of Nordic Aryans in Europe, including why they perceive themselves to be a pure race. It expands on the entrance of IndoEuropeans to Europe. The author explores why the Nordic Aryans are considered a race.
Abstract This paper shows how, in both Plato's "Republic" and Sophocles? "Antigone", biological brotherhood plays a dangerous function, enough that for Plato it must be concealed and replaced by a universal brotherly relationship, while for Sophocles, brotherhood as a concept is accepted and plays a fundamental role in the unfolding of events.
From the Paper "In Republic, Plato illustrates that genetic brotherhood plays a suppressed role, while Antigone's fraternal bonds reveal it as a major element of society. Plato expresses through Socrates that "children, too, are to be possessed in common, so that no parent will know his own offspring or any child his parent" (Plato 457d). The Greek philosopher is clearly highlighting that family ties are not only weak, but virtually non-existent. Plato then declares that "those who were born at the same time as their mothers and fathers were having children they"ll call their brothers and sisters? (Plato 461e). Since all boys and girls of the same age group must consider each other siblings, although they rarely have any biological connection, fraternal ties are clearly not a prime concern in Republic when compared to the welfare of the state. In Antigone, however, brotherhood plays such a vital role in the heroine's life that she is not only willing to break the laws in order to have her brother, Polyneices, buried, but she is also willing to die, the ultimate danger. In fact, Antigone explains to Creon that ?[she] would not do it [defy the state] for a child, were [she] a mother,/ Not for a husband either? (Sophocles 39), but only for a brother. While brotherhood is nearly absent in Republic, it is an important element of life for Antigone."
Abstract This paper analyzes and summarizes "The Red Convertible", while picking apart the story to show how Erdrich uses key details to depict "brotherhood" between to two main characters. It discusses whether Erdrich truly provides an accurate description of brotherhood through the story, based on the fact she has no siblings.
From the Paper "There are many types of relationships. Husband and wife; Father and son; Mother and daughter; but the bond between brothers is one of true friendship like no other. Brotherhood is a unique and powerful bond that cannot be forged. It is hard to recreate a feeling or experience such as brotherhood without experiencing it yourself. This experience (of brotherhood) is clearly shown in Louise Erdrich?s, ?The Red Convertible.? Which brings me to the point. Can Louise Erdrich, being female, still create an accurate portrayal of brotherhood in her story?"
Abstract This paper examines the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. It provides a brief historical background of the formation of the group and discusses its goals. The paper focuses on the future possibility of the Muslim Brotherhood, as opposed to its past. The paper presents the author's personal views on the past and the future of the group.
Table of Contents:
Preface
Historical Backdrop
Peace is the Way
Plan to Succeed
Interpreting the Future
Drawing Conclusions
From the Paper "Perhaps most interesting in the future would be the influential stance of the West. While the colonialism may be dead, imperialism certainly is not. As earlier stated, the West is strongly in favor of the current regime as it is viewed as non-threatening. Countries that have strong Islamic fundamentalist government's have tended to give a strong case of heartburn to Western leaders. However, I feel that it must be pointed out that most of those countries were run by hard-lined Islamic fundamentalists, while the Muslim Brotherhood is decidedly centrist in nature. It's my belief that when faced with other countries with more hard-lined leaders, the West would remain fairly neutral in it's stance towards the Muslim Brotherhood. In other words, I believe Western leaders would find it considerably easier to negotiate and ally the Muslim Brotherhood than it ever did with the Taliban or has been able to with the current Iranian regime."
Abstract This paper explains that the post-colonial culture of India, rampant with the demonstration of historical superiority of the British culture, includes the representation of the ancient history of the Indian region as dominated by a fictitious Aryan race that overthrew the Indus Valley people. The author points out that this myth is a clear demonstration of the attempt to bolster the idea of superiority, and therefore, permit the dominance over the Indian population during the colonial occupation. The paper relates that the myth itself can be recounted through "legitimate" literature of the early and mid 20th century, the Sanhita ("collection") of the "Rig-Veda", a purely lyrical assortment of songs, which the Hindus brought with them from their ancient homes on the banks of the Indus.
From the Paper "The results of such a rethinking and rewriting of history are, as of yet, unknown; but the cultural identity of the Indian people will clearly be redefined by the new view of the events of the disappearance of the Indus Valley people. One of the most prominent British historians of the colonial and early post colonial period demonstrates the idea that there is little evidence of a real Aryan conquest. ?Of the effects of the Aryan settlements in India itself in the earliest period, we have no real evidence beyond certain scattered allusions in Vedic literature, and some faint local traditions.? "
Abstract This paper studies the magnitude of Western influence on the shape of human culture. The paper begins with the question of Aryan influence, with the author attempting to define the term Aryan. He rejects the Nazi identification of Aryan, choosing instead to define it broadly as peoples whose languages are derived from the Indo-European linguistic group. Even more broadly, the author equates Aryan with Western. Then the paper studies the influences of the Aryan -- aka the West -- on human culture. While the author finds the impact of Western ideas, philosophy and invention to be obviously great, he says that human culture is too broad to credit it all to the West. He points to writing, toolmaking, organized religion and political organization, urbanization, and monumental architecture, all of which derived from non-Aryan cultures.
From the Paper "Even if the wide-ranging influence of the Indo-Europeans is recognized, the cultures identified with them are not purely Indo-European, but were themselves influenced by pre-Indo-European cultures. For example, The Indo-Europeans in Persia were greatly influenced by the ancient Semitic cultures of Mesopotamia and Anatolia. Likewise, aspects of the more-ancient culture of Dravidian India were incorporated into the dominant Indo-European culture of the invaders from the north. So it is wrong to think that speakers of Indo-European languages can be credited with creating all of human culture."
Abstract This paper studies the magnitude of Western influence on the shape of human culture. The paper begins with the question of Aryan influence, with the author attempting to define the term Aryan. He rejects the Nazi identification of Aryan, choosing instead to define it broadly as peoples whose languages are derived from the Indo-European linguistic group. Even more broadly, the author equates Aryan with Western. Then the paper studies the influences of the Aryan -- aka the West -- on human culture. While the author finds the impact of Western ideas, philosophy and invention to be obviously great, he says that human culture is too broad to credit it all to the West. He points to writing, toolmaking, organized religion and political organization, urbanization, and monumental architecture, all of which derived from non-Aryan cultures.
From the Paper "Even if the wide-ranging influence of the Indo-Europeans is recognized, the cultures identified with them are not purely Indo-European, but were themselves influenced by pre-Indo-European cultures. For example, The Indo-Europeans in Persia were greatly influenced by the ancient Semitic cultures of Mesopotamia and Anatolia. Likewise, aspects of the more-ancient culture of Dravidian India were incorporated into the dominant Indo-European culture of the invaders from the north. So it is wrong to think that speakers of Indo-European languages can be credited with creating all of human culture."
Abstract John Donne's famous line from 'Meditations XVII', "No man is an island unto himself", reflects ideas about the brotherhood of humankind that have echoed throughout time. Originally, the lines reflected ideas popular in the Renaissance about the interconnectedness of human experience. As time elapsed, this definition of brotherhood grew increasingly broader and began to cross boundaries of nationhood, sex, color and race. This paper argues that one of the justifications used by the Bush administration for invading Iraq is especially telling about how far the modern notion of brotherhood has extended. In saying that the U.S. invaded Iraq in order to help the Iraqi people, George Bush was effectively showing that the modern notion of brotherhood, seen in Donne's poem, extended beyond borders. The paper concludes that Donne's words reflect the ideal of brotherhood that has been seen in many situations and plays an increasingly important role in our modern lives.
From the Paper "Given increasing globalization, it is more important than ever for citizens of the world to understand and adopt the themes of brotherhood contained within Donne's Meditations XVII. In fact, the future of my generation may depend on the ability of humankind to see itself as part of a greater whole. Today, the speed of air travel and communication, intertwined economies, and the threat of terrorism and warfare mean that the actions of any one country or group can be felt almost immediately by the whole. Today, more than ever before ""No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main.""
Abstract This paper begins by defining the term treason and then asking which form of treason was committed in the poem. It explains that treason has many definitions that intertwine but the treason in "Athelston" lies primarily in the breaking in the bonds of sworn brotherhood, and it is from this act that all of the other treacheries arise. The writer presents the two main ideas in Athelston in the realm of treason. First there is the treason supposedly committed by Egeland against the State; the second is Wymound's treason against his oath of the sworn brotherhood.
From the Paper "In the mid-late 14th century, the time in which this poem was written, a transition was happening in society whereby the King was beginning to see himself as above those who surrounded him and was deciding to act that way. The King's elevation in society had an effect on what was considered to be wrong, especially with reference to the term treason. Instead of treason being seen as defaulting on an oath, any wrong committed against the interests of the King was seen as a greater wrong, and thusly, a greater treason. The Athelston poet writes in a mix of these two ideologies. Much of the
action in the poem revolves around the supposed traitor Egeland and the results of treason against the King. Wymound first accuses him of this action in line 139, with a rough translation working out to be: "For in thy land, sir, is a false traitor;/he will do thee prompt dishonour". Several stanzas later we see the King's reaction to these accusations, translated by this author:"
Abstract Examines the theme of brotherhood. in "Of Mice and Men" and "East of Eden". Considers Steinbeck's borrowing thematically and structurally from the Bible, Steinbeck's view of brotherhood as a source of obligation and an area of antagonism. Explores the tensions that separate rather than join together.
From the Paper Brotherhood and Obligation in Steinbeck Introduction and Purpose According to Rebecca L. Atkinson (1990, p. 2), many critics of the works of John Steinbeck contend that this author borrows thematically and structurally from the Old Testament. One of the...
Tags: novels steinbeck t literature, american: steinbeck literature, american: steinbeck religion: the bible
Abstract This paper analyzes the representation of children in John Everett Millais' paintings. It presents and analyzes 33 paintings, completed from 1840 to 1896, the year of the painter's death. Photographs of some of the paintings are included in the text. The paper points out that Millais was one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (PRB), a group of English painters, poets, and critics. The paper attempts to demonstrate that the Pre-Raphaelitism of Millais is very particular in the sense that it uses the PRB's techniques, but concentrates on a subject that was not explored as extensively by the other artists of the Brotherhood, namely, children and childhood. The first part of the paper seeks to demonstrate that Millais strove to blend the aesthetics of the PRB with subject-matter that he felt was closer to the everyday popular concerns of the times. In addition, his reiteration of the Pre-Raphaelite preoccupations, techniques and devices has the lightness of manner and properties of a musical leitmotif, rather than the urgency and insistence of an unconditional engagement. Secondly, the paper concentrates on the cleavage between the representation of children in distress and children within the family unit, and briefly comments on the spirituality of the child according to Millais. Finally, the paper examines the portrayal of girls throughout Millais' career. The paper concludes that, thematically, children and childhood seem to define Millais best.
From the Paper "The plot of The Rescue (1855) is mostly about protection and shelter, or rather, the lack of it. Millais plays with the colours and shades to create a general feeling of helplessness. The feeling of insecurity is heightened when we look at the figures of the three children trapped between the flames in the left-hand corner and the blackness and unhealthy mist of the London night in the right-hand corner of the painting. The figure of the fire-fighter as a temporary pillar of refuge echoes the blackness of the night outside, while the fragile whiteness of the figure of the mother is contrasted to the intense yellow-reddish flames, reflected on the face and feet of the boy. The painting stages a scene of distress and suggests future misery. Widely approved as celebrating "the bravery of the London Fire Brigade" (Adams 120), the painting contains the essence of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, which consists in a peculiar feeling of insecurity as to its real meaning. The spectator constantly hesitates between the two diverging interpretations. This is frequently due to the technical imperfections of many PRB paintings (a famous example is Lorenzo and Isabella but also Sir Isumbras at the Ford as we shall see further) but it has also become their special mark. It is difficult to say to what extent the instability generated is deliberate, especially in the case of Millais who was far from being a mediocre artist after all."
