Abstract
This paper discusses the portrayal of utopia in art, whether it be literature, architecture or the fine arts. The paper presents examples of many types of depictions of utopia throughout history. The paper suggests that there is a new utopian revolutionary art where artists collaborate with the people of a community to restate their own history as the surroundings inspire them.

From the Paper
"Cuban artists currently have opened "Contemporary Art from Cuba: Irony and Survival on the Utopian Island" with a range of artists exhibiting from 24 to 39, at the ASA Museum at the University of Arizona, an art museum known for exhibiting work experimental in content, form or presentation. These artists show they are disillusioned with the socialist Revolution, yet they remain loyal Cubans."
"Land artists, who create monumental sculptures, perhaps are those most successful in living out their utopian ideals in large scale, such as Michael Heizer, who has spent three decades creating a huge collection of truncated pyramids in the Nevada desert, Charles Ross, who has a subterranean Stonehenge for the space age in New Mexico and Christo, who has tried to wrap up the world like a present."

Tags:sculptures, monumental, paradise

Abstract
Florence in the sixteenth century was characterized by tumultuous violence, instability and political upheavals and serious threats from the Germanic armies of the Holy Roman Empire. The situation was much the same throughout Italy. At the same time, Florence was witnessing an intellectual Renaissance, in the sense that there was a flowering of artistic and scientific talent. However, for the majority of residents at the time, this must have been more than offset by the extreme political violence of the era. As such, a Utopia for any Renaissance Florentine would likely have

From the Paper
Imagine a Utopia in Renaissance Florence of the sixteenth century. Would the Utopia fit more comfortably into Machiavelli's or Cellini's view of Italy? Justify your opinion, taking both possibilities into consideration. Florence in the sixteenth century was characterized by tumultuous violence, instability and political upheavals and serious threats from the Germanic armies of the Holy Roman Empire. The situation was much the same throughout Italy. At the same time, Florence was witnessing an intellectual Renaissance, in the sense that there was a flowering of artistic and scientific talent. However, for the majority of residents at the time, this must have been more than offset by the extreme political

Tags:florence, machiavelli, cellini

Abstract
This paper details the vision of a perfect society as proposed by Frank Lloyd Wright and Ebenezer Howard, both considered revolutionary thinkers of their time. This paper focuses on two of the three 'urban utopias' detailed in "Utopias of the Twentieth Century" written by Robert Fishman. Wright's vision of Broadacre City was to create small pockets of low-density development, reducing populations in major urban areas, whereas Howard's Garden City was planned to be an estate embracing an area of 6,000 acres. The writer of this paper also examines how Wright and Howard's visions influenced contemporary society and contends that evidence of their ideas can still be seen all over the world. This paper also discusses how both disagreed on many issues yet held similar views in their plans for the ideal city.

Table of Contents:
"Broadacre City"
"The Garden City"
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Suburbs generally could be said to have little or no meaning. Many of them are purely bedroom communities, with few businesses, perhaps a branch of the local bank. Many do not have economies that could support them. People who live in the commute as much as an hour and a half each way to their place of work on a daily basis. One's car becomes more of a home environment than any other place. Energy consumption in the U.S. due to the availability of cheap energy is through the roof, most of it provided by fossil fuel, not the least of the culprits is the automobile."

Tags:society, city, planning, development, literature, architecture

Abstract
This paper examines the concept of utopias and discusses the idea of utopia in literature. The paper first describes the primary rationale for the utopia and provides examples of its application through the writings of many different authors. The paper then describes the key desires of those seeking utopia and how they can go about achieving it according to the authors examined in the paper.

From the Paper
"Dana may have a different view of her "normal" life in the twentieth century, but she is still infused with the need for change, perhaps even more now that she has seen the beginnings of the way she and her people are treated and also because she knows how she is related to that past and its crimes through Rufus. Part of the utopic vision is not to settle for better but always to seek to improve society, and this remains a key desire now that she has a better understanding of the past, showing her more about the way to a better future."

Tags:society, perfection, culture

Abstract
This paper discusses how WWI greatly affected the direction of art in the United States and Europe. It looks at how, through isolating and merging different regions, artistic movements were both born and terminated as a result of warring, allied forces, and personal trauma. The paper examines how Futurism, Fauvism, Cubism, Vorticism, and German Expressionism were active when WWI began and examines the development of both European and American Modernism with such styles as Harlem Renaissance and other Postwar movements in Europe such as De Stijl, Bauhaus, Constructivism, Purism, New Objectivism, Dada, and Surrealism. The paper also contains images and pictures.

From the Paper
"The shift of the art world capital from Paris to New York City had begun towards the end of WWI. Although many European artists fought in the war first-hand, "No American modernist painter saw the carnage of WWI first-hand, nor did any American artist record feeling in its aftermath. " America became aware of its dependence on Europe after WWI and gained a new sense of independence through forging the Allied victory. In postwar America, subject matter was rooted a newfound nationalism and self-identification as a country. Pride in technology and innovation added to a new nationalist spirit, led to the American movements of Regionalism and Precisionism. Regionalism included distinctly American scenes such as Grant Wood's American Gothic (image 4). The Precisionists possessed a faith in American industry and stability after America proved itself in war. The movement included Charles Sheeler (image 5) and Charles Demuth (image 6). Their works emphasize a new alienation and isolation in being uniquely American. "

Tags:futurism, fauvism, cubism, expressionsim, modernism, dada, surrealism

Abstract
The paper looks at how Cantor stated that modernism in the early 20th century "cared little for history; it was in fact hostile to it" (35), and according to Cantor, modernism called on a "shift in thought...from the big to the small, from the general to the particular" (35). The paper relates that Cantor expanded on this idea by stating that modernism in art included many of the art forms found in "pop art", although this period of art is primarily considered post-modernism (35). The paper discusses how Cantor contends that much of the pop art of the 20th century was initially believed to be "vanguard art" that was not taken seriously (35), however, as time progressed society began to accept this art form as one that focused on the "particulars" of society and that further pop art expressed that "everything was meaningful" and that in some way, all things were tied to something else" (35). The paper explains that Cantor contends that the most prevalent of the pop artists of the 20th century were Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns and Roy Lichtenstein (35). The paper explains that these artists focused on elements of every day life that spoke of the time in which they lived and mundane pieces of existence, such as Brillo boxes and soup cans were the central focus on their art. Furthermore, the paper explains that these artists had the view that by creating these images in their own personal fashion that they were asking the viewer to relate those items to their lives, thereby making a comment on particular facets of life (Cantor 35).

From the Paper
"Cantor stated that modernism in the early 20th century "cared little for history; it was in fact hostile to it" (35). According to Cantor, modernism called on a "shift in thought...from the big to the small, from the general to the particular" (35). Cantor expanded on this idea by stating that modernism in art included many of the art forms found in "pop art", although this period of art is primarily considered post-modernism (35). Cantor contends that much of the pop art of the 20th century was initially believed to be "vanguard art" that was not taken seriously (35)."

Tags:art, andy, warhol

Abstract
This paper will discuss the ideas of Russian futurism that was so prevalent in the Russia at the beginning, and the middle of the 20th century. By realizing the contributions of some of its authors, a look at the language of Zuam will be analyzed, as well the literature that so powerful in setting this example for Russian culture. By arguing for a lapse in the final stages of a Russian utopia, we can see how this artistic was a valued one, but held secondary to the Dada Movement and other radical elements in the time that held greater sway in their influence.

Abstract
This paper provides biographical information on artist Henri Matisse and discusses his artistic career. Several of Matisse's works of art are reviewed, and influences on his work are discussed, as well as the influence that Matisse has had on the world of art today.

From the Paper
"Henri Matisse (1869?1954), a painter, draughtsman, sculptor, printmaker, designer and author, came into the world of art comparatively late in his life and made his reputation as the main exponent of fauvism, the first avante-garde artistic movement of the 20th century. As Russell T. Clement points out, fauvism "was influenced by non-European cultures that were part of the new colonial dominions as found in Africa, Polynesia and Central and South America which encouraged more personal forms of expression than had been known in the West" (89). His career seems to have begun in 1891 when Matisse registered at the Academie Julian and prepared for the entrance exam to the Ecole des Beaux-Arts despite his father's objections to set his life course on the study of art. In 1892, Matisse was invited to join the studio of Gustave Moreau and he remained here until his marriage to Amelie Parayre in January of 1898."

Tags:france, impressionism, dinner, table, paintings, la, coiffure, exhibition, vollard's, gallery

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts two mosaics depicting Mary and Jesus-one medieval, the other Byzantine. The author discusses their stylistic differences, the severity and stoicism versus warmness and emotion, and examines Christianity as seen through religious art in both societies.

From the Paper
"The Medieval era produced many important art pieces - many of which contained reference to religious figures. Because religion did, in fact, play such an important role in everyday life, religious art abounded throughout Europe . However, depending upon the area of the continent and which religion its inhabitants believed in, artists portrayed similar religious scenes in varying ways. In particular, Byzantine and Medieval pieces contained identical figures or scenes portrayed in very different ways due to the respective religion's influence on the artist. Comparison of two mosaics depicting Virgin and Child will show fundamental stylistic differences between Byzantine and Medieval art."

Tags:art, europe, history, mosaic, religion, Roman, Constantinople, empire, Mary, Jesus

Abstract
This paper describes and analyzes Kirchner's and Marc's artistic depiction of utopia in a natural state in their respective paintings, "Bathers Beneath Trees" and "Bathing Girls", and then explains how each artist's perception of that utopia is different. The paper describes Kirchner's vision of utopia as a place of abundant growth, secure, calm, and away from noise and chaos, whereas Marc's vision of utopia is described as one of adventure and fun, where nature joins with man to provide a place of beauty and freedom from worry.

From the Paper
"Ernst Ludwig Kirchner's "Bathers Beneath Trees" and Franz Marc's "Bathing Girls" are paintings of the same subject; three women in nature getting ready to bathe and, or, swim. Both are utopian visions of what each artist felt was ideal. The utopian representation of both artists is seen in the use of an idealistic notion of freedom and a personal response to nature. Freedom is seen in the comfortable presence of the nudes and the use of color in nature reflects the artists' perception of utopian existence."

Tags:paradise, trees, colors, woman, water, nuturing, light, merriment, rock, nudes, skin