Abstract This paper discusses the De Stijl movement in design, which took place at the turn of the 20th century. It talks about the history of the movement, the main aspects of it and some key artists associated with it.
Abstract This paper examines how the exchange of artisitic ideas between Ancient Egypt and the Mediteranean is undisputed and how a comparison of fresco is also relevant and illuminating. It briefly examines two Egyptian Fresco's from the New Kingdom period, namely "Fowling Scene" and "Musicians and Dancers", comparing and contrasting the Egyptian styles with three Minoan frescos including the so-called "Toreador Fresco", as well as "Young Fisherman with His Catch" and "Landscape with Swallows".
From the Paper "The vivid artistic detailing of Fowling Scene, in addition to the motion and vitally portrayed by the artist(s), is astonishing. The boat on which the family travel is richly detailed, even the wood grain is observable. Papyrus plants grow in a great swath, surging out of the water to the left of the boat. Below the boat, in the water, the details of the fish "show a naturalism based on careful observation" (67). In his right hand, Nebamun clutches three birds he has just caught, while his left hand grips his throwing stick. A large number of birds have been startled into action out of the papyrus swamp, and are shown both perching in various places, as well as in flight. Most curiously, an orange cat, perched on a bowing papyrus stem, has caught a large bird in its mouth and two more in its claws."
This paper discusses the history and culture of the Basque who today consider their "nation" to be located in the seven Pyrenean provinces, four in Spain and three in France.
Abstract This paper explains that, although the origins of the Basque people are unclear but possibly of Turkish, Magyar or Berber descent, the Basques may be the oldest indigenous race in Europe; their language Euskera has supposedly been traced back to Babel. The author points out that, for centuries, the region south of the Pyrenees was recognized as "una tierra apartada", a self-governing area, subject to an absolute monarchy and had its own code of laws and rights (fueros); in 1876, the Basque country was assimilated into the rest of Spain. The paper relates that the Spanish Civil War had a major impact on the Basque because the Franco regime, which exercised cultural repression over the whole nation, was particularly severe in those regions where a language other than Spanish was spoken.
From the Paper "The father of Basque nationalism, Sabino Arana, described by Mark Kurlansky as an 'unpleasant zealot', insisted that to be Basque a person's four grandparents must all have been born in the Basque country and have Euskera names - a qualification which would be much modified when the terrorist organization ETA admitted to its membership people whose families came from elsewhere in Spain. Both Arana's party and ETA were officially founded on the saint's day, 31 July, of the Basques' most famous son, Ignatius Loyola. (The first Basque underground movement in the 1950s, formed by a handful of Guipuzcoans, initially called itself by the acronym ATA, unaware that in the dialect of the neighbouring province, Viscaya, ata means 'duck'.) "
